Provided is a beam steering apparatus including a driving pixel unit including a plurality of driving pixels that are respectively configured to supply a voltage or a current, a light modulator including a plurality of pixels corresponding to the plurality of driving pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels being configured to modulate incident light, and a wiring layer including a wiring structure configured to electrically connect the plurality of driving pixels to the plurality of pixels, wherein the wiring structure includes a first conductive wire connected to the plurality of driving pixels, a second conductive wire connected to the plurality of pixels, and at least one third conductive wire connected between the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire, and wherein the first conductive wire, the second conductive wire, and the at least one third conductive wire form a step structure.

An optical metasurface film includes a flexible polymeric film having a first major surface, a patterned polymer layer having a first surface proximate to the first major surface of the flexible polymeric film and having a second nanostructured surface opposite the first surface, and a refractive index contrast layer adjacent to the nanostructured surface of the patterned polymer layer forming a nanostructured bilayer with a nanostructured interface. The nanostructured bilayer acts locally on amplitude, phase, or polarization of light, or a combination thereof and imparts a light phase shift that varies as a function of position of the nano structured bilayer on the flexible polymeric film. The light phase shift of the nanostructured bilayer defines a predetermined operative phase profile of the optical metasurface film.

An optical metasurface film includes a flexible polymeric film having a first major surface, a patterned polymer layer having a first surface proximate to the first major surface of the flexible polymeric film and having a second nanostructured surface opposite the first surface, and a refractive index contrast layer adjacent to the nanostructured surface of the patterned polymer layer forming a nanostructured bilayer with a nanostructured interface. The nanostructured bilayer acts locally on amplitude, phase, or polarization of light, or a combination thereof and imparts a light phase shift that varies as a function of position of the nano structured bilayer on the flexible polymeric film. The light phase shift of the nanostructured bilayer defines a predetermined operative phase profile of the optical metasurface film.

A light engine arranged to form an image visible from a viewing window, the light engine comprising a display device for displaying a hologram of the image and spatially modulating light based on the hologram. The hologram is configured to angularly distribute spatially-modulated light of the image based on position of image content, where angular channels of the spatially-modulated light correspond with respective continuous regions of the image. The light engine further comprises a waveguide pupil expander for receiving the spatially-modulated light and providing a plurality of light propagation paths for the spatially-modulated light from the display device to the viewing window, and a control device between the waveguide and the viewing window. The control device comprises an aperture arranged such that a first viewing position receives a first channel of spatially-modulated light and a second viewing position receives a second channel of spatially-modulated light.

An apparatus comprising (1) a conoscope configured to receive an image emitted by a display device through a corrective lens, (2) a variable compensation element coupled to the conoscope, wherein the variable compensation element is capable of selectively modifying the image emitted by the display device to compensate for an optical effect imparted by the corrective lens on the image, and (3) a controller coupled to the variable compensation element, wherein the controller (1) receives a compensation parameter representative of the optical effect imparted by the corrective lens on the image, (2) selects, based at least in part on the compensation parameter, a feature of the variable compensation element that compensates for the optical effect, and (3) causing the feature of the variable compensation element to be applied to the image. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

An apparatus comprising (1) a conoscope configured to receive an image emitted by a display device through a corrective lens, (2) a variable compensation element coupled to the conoscope, wherein the variable compensation element is capable of selectively modifying the image emitted by the display device to compensate for an optical effect imparted by the corrective lens on the image, and (3) a controller coupled to the variable compensation element, wherein the controller (1) receives a compensation parameter representative of the optical effect imparted by the corrective lens on the image, (2) selects, based at least in part on the compensation parameter, a feature of the variable compensation element that compensates for the optical effect, and (3) causing the feature of the variable compensation element to be applied to the image. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

An active metasurface includes a number of periodically-repeated unit cells arranged on a substrate, each of the unit cells including a high-index dielectric block; a heat source positioned to selectively modulate heat applied to the high-index dielectric block; and an insulating undercut region at an interface between the high-index dielectric block and the substrate.

An imaging apparatus includes a light source, a spatial light modulator, a Fourier transform optical system, a photodetector, and a control unit. The control unit sets a first region and a second region on a modulation plane of the spatial light modulator, sequentially sets a plurality of light phase modulation patterns in the first region, sequentially sets a plurality of uniform phase shifts in a region other than the first region when setting each light phase modulation pattern in the first region to acquire a light intensity value, and acquires a phase image of a region of an object corresponding to the first region using a phase shift method.

Methods, systems, and devices for free-space optical communications. An aircraft includes a flat optical communication terminal on an external surface of the aircraft, the flat optical communication terminal being configured to communicate with a ground station via a free-space optical communication link.

A transmission type adaptive optical system that can be applied to a high power laser beam beyond a limit of deformable mirrors and corrects wavefront turbulence of a laser beam with adaptation to the wavefront turbulence is provided. By using a transmission type adaptive optical element of which a refractive index distribution changes based on temperature distribution thereof, a wavefront turbulence of a laser beam is corrected with adaptation to this wavefront turbulence. The wavefront turbulence is detected by a wavefront sensor and heating light in accordance with the detected wavefront turbulence is emitted to irradiate the transmission type adaptive optical element. The transmission type adaptive optical element transmits a laser beam as a target to correct a wavefront turbulence thereof and generates temperature distribution by the heating light and as a result generates the refractive index distribution.