Provided are an optical modulation device, a method of operating the same, and an apparatus including the optical modulation device. The optical modulation device may include a mirror area, a nano-antenna area, and an active area located between the mirror area and the nano-antenna area, and a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes for changing physical properties of the active area may intersect each other to form a cross-point array structure. The plurality of first electrodes may be included in the mirror area or may be provided separately from the mirror area. The plurality of second electrodes may be included in the nano-antenna area and may be provided separately from the nano-antenna area.

Provided are an optical modulation device, a method of operating the same, and an apparatus including the optical modulation device. The optical modulation device may include a mirror area, a nano-antenna area, and an active area located between the mirror area and the nano-antenna area, and a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes for changing physical properties of the active area may intersect each other to form a cross-point array structure. The plurality of first electrodes may be included in the mirror area or may be provided separately from the mirror area. The plurality of second electrodes may be included in the nano-antenna area and may be provided separately from the nano-antenna area.

Disclosed are systems, methods, and structures for broadband phase shifting for quantitative phase microscopy (QPI) that advantageously allows for a greater useable wavelength range for QPI wherein either/both illumination paths and/or scatter paths: 1) propagate through a reflective objective; 2) become quantifiably phase-shifted utilizing broadband mirror surfaces; 3) attenuate the relatively bright illumination paths to maximize contrast; and 4) recombine at a sensor plane for quantitative analysis.

Disclosed are systems, methods, and structures for broadband phase shifting for quantitative phase microscopy (QPI) that advantageously allows for a greater useable wavelength range for QPI wherein either/both illumination paths and/or scatter paths: 1) propagate through a reflective objective; 2) become quantifiably phase-shifted utilizing broadband mirror surfaces; 3) attenuate the relatively bright illumination paths to maximize contrast; and 4) recombine at a sensor plane for quantitative analysis.

An apparatus for combining a plurality of coherent laser beams includes a splitting device configured to split an input laser beam into the plurality of coherent laser beams, a plurality of phase setting devices configured to adjust a respective phase of one of the plurality of coherent laser beams, and a beam combining device configured to combine the plurality of coherent laser beams, which emanate from a plurality of grid positions of a grid arrangement. The beam combining device includes a microlens arrangement having at least two microlens arrays. The apparatus further includes a controller configured to adjust a respective phase of a respective one of the plurality of coherent laser beams and/or vary a respective phase of a respective one of the plurality of coherent laser beams.

In high-resolution scanning microscopy, a sample is excited by illumination radiation to emit fluorescence radiation in such a way that the illumination radiation is focused at a point in or on the sample to form a diffraction-limited illumination spot. The point is imaged in a diffraction-limited manner into a diffraction image on a spatially resolving surface detector, wherein the surface detector has a spatial resolution that resolves a structure of the diffraction image. The sample is scanned by means of different scanning positions with an increment of less than half the diameter of the illumination spot. An image of the sample is generated from the data of the surface detector and from the scanning positions assigned to said data, said image having a resolution that is increased beyond a resolution limit for imaging. For the purposes of distinguishing between at least two predetermined wavelength regions in the fluorescence radiation from the sample, a corresponding number of diffraction structures are generated on the surface detector for the at least two predetermined wavelength ranges, said diffraction structures differing but having a common center of symmetry. The diffraction structures are evaluated when generating the image of the sample.

Disclosed herein is a recirculating programmable photonic circuit including a programmable optical coupler including two first programmable waveguides and configured to adjust optical coupling efficiency of an optical signal based on a vertical movement of one of the two first programmable waveguides, a phase shifter including a second programmable waveguide and configured to change a phase of the optical signal based on a horizontal movement of the second programmable waveguide with respect to the first programmable waveguides, a plurality of core cells connected to each of the programmable optical coupler and the phase shifter to form a predetermined shape, the core cells being selectively driven by moving the optical signal from the predetermined shape according to the optical coupling efficiency and the phase, and an actuator electrically connected to one side of each of the plurality of core cells and configured to control the vertical movement and the horizontal movement.

Disclosed herein is a recirculating programmable photonic circuit including a programmable optical coupler including two first programmable waveguides and configured to adjust optical coupling efficiency of an optical signal based on a vertical movement of one of the two first programmable waveguides, a phase shifter including a second programmable waveguide and configured to change a phase of the optical signal based on a horizontal movement of the second programmable waveguide with respect to the first programmable waveguides, a plurality of core cells connected to each of the programmable optical coupler and the phase shifter to form a predetermined shape, the core cells being selectively driven by moving the optical signal from the predetermined shape according to the optical coupling efficiency and the phase, and an actuator electrically connected to one side of each of the plurality of core cells and configured to control the vertical movement and the horizontal movement.

A system and method for measurement and correction of aero-optical and aero-thermal effects to an EO/IR sensor's window/dome on a supersonic flight-vehicle. Range-gating of laser pulses measures and separates aerodynamic and atmospheric effects. Separate control algorithms and control loops at different update rates both simplifies the control algorithms and improves overall performance. The use of a MEMS MMA having tip/tilt/piston capabilities as the deformable mirror to provide wavefront correction enhances overall performance. The corrected laser pulses may also be used to actively illuminate a target to provide both active and passive detection.

A laser light irradiation device includes: a laser light source; a spatial light modulator including a display unit configured to display a phase pattern; an objective lens configured to condense a laser light emitted from the spatial light modulator at the object; an image-transfer optical system configured to transfer an image of the laser light on the display unit to an entrance pupil plane of the objective lens; a reflected light detector configured to detect reflected light of the laser light which is incident in the object and reflected by an opposite surface opposite to a laser light entrance surface; and a controller configured to control the phase pattern. When the reflected light detector detects the reflected light, the controller displays a reflected light aberration correction pattern which is the phase pattern correcting aberration generated in the event of the laser light being transmitted through the object having twice the predetermined thickness.