A variable magnification optical system includes, in order from an object side, a first lens group having positive refractive power; a second lens group having negative refractive power; and a third lens group having positive refractive power; upon zooming from a wide-angle end state to a telephoto end state, a distance between the first lens group and the second lens group and a distance between the second lens group and the third lens group being varied. The variable magnification optical system further includes a V lens group GV having negative refractive power and being moved to have a component in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis, and an F lens group GF having positive refractive power and being moved along the optical axis upon focusing from an infinitely distant object to a close object, the V lens group GV being disposed on the more object side than the F lens group GF. Thereby, it is possible to provide the compact variable magnification optical system with a high zoom ratio and high performance, an optical apparatus therewith and a method for manufacturing the variable magnification optical system.

A driving-unit operation method includes: generating pulse blocks on the basis of driving pulses; and modifying a driving signal in accordance with a position error signal. In the modifying the driving signal, when the position error signal is in a first range, the shape of the driving pulses is modified so as to form a first driving-pulse shape, and the pulse-block duty cycle is set to a first pulse-block duty cycle value, whereas when the position error signal is in a second range, the shape of the driving pulses is modified so as to form a second driving-pulse shape, and the pulse-block duty cycle is set to a second pulse-block duty cycle value.

An electro-responsive gel lens having automatic multifocal and image stabilization functions according to the present invention comprises: a first electrode and a second electrode formed on a substrate and having different polarities; and a transmissive part which is formed of an electroactive polymer, and the shape of which is deformed when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is formed in the plural, and a voltage is individually applied so as to change the shape of the transmissive part in three dimensions, such that the location of the focal point of light passing through the transmissive part is changed in three dimensions.

A driving mechanism is provided, including a fixed portion, a movable portion, a driving assembly and a connecting element. The movable portion may move relative to the fixed portion and is used for holding an optical module. The driving assembly moves the movable portion relative to the fixed portion. The connecting element is movably connected to the fixed portion and the movable portion.

A driving mechanism is provided, including a fixed portion, a movable portion, a driving assembly and a connecting element. The movable portion may move relative to the fixed portion and is used for holding an optical module. The driving assembly moves the movable portion relative to the fixed portion. The connecting element is movably connected to the fixed portion and the movable portion.

A lens moving apparatus includes a housing, a bobbin disposed in the housing, a first coil disposed on the bobbin, a magnet configured to move the bobbin in a first direction parallel to an optical axis by an electromagnetic interaction with the first coil, an elastic member coupled to the bobbin, and a second coil disposed on the housing. A first portion of the second coil is coupled to the housing. The second coil generates an induction voltage resulting from an inductive interaction with the first coil when the bobbin moves in the first direction.

A camera module includes a lens assembly aligned along an optical axis, an optical image stabilization (OIS) carrier coupled to the lens assembly to move the lens assembly on a plane perpendicular to the optical axis, and a housing to accommodate the lens assembly and the OIS carrier. A first OIS magnet and a second OIS magnet are fixed to a first side surface of the OIS carrier, and are arranged side by side on the first side surface along a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. A first OIS coil member and a second OIS coil member face the first OIS magnet and the second OIS magnet, respectively. A first portion of the first OIS magnet is adjacent to the second OIS magnet and a second portion of the second OIS magnet is adjacent to the first OIS magnet.

An electromagnetic driving mechanism is provided for driving two different optical lenses, including a base, a first holder, a frame, a resilient element, a first electromagnetic driving assembly, a second holder, and a second electromagnetic driving assembly. The first and second holders are provided for holding the optical lenses. The frame is affixed to the base, has magnetically permeable material, and surrounds the first holder. The resilient element connects the first holder with the frame. The first electromagnetic driving assembly is disposed between the first holder and the frame to drive the first holder moving relative to the base. The second electromagnetic driving assembly is disposed on an outer side of the second holder to drive the second holder moving relative to the base.

A camera includes a lens barrel, a holder, a filter disposed in the holder, a circuit board having an aperture, a reinforcing member including a first region corresponding to the aperture and a second region in which the circuit board is disposed, and an image sensor disposed in the first region of the reinforcing member. The first region of the reinforcing member includes a protruding part protruding farther than the second region of the reinforcing member. The image sensor is disposed on the upper surface of the protruding part.

Aspects for active alignment for assembling optical imaging systems are described herein. As an example, the aspects may include aligning an optical detector with an optical component. The optical component is configured to alter a direction of one or more light beams emitted from an image displayed by an optical engine. The aspects may further include detecting, by the optical detector, a virtual image generated by the one or more light beams emitted by the optical engine; and adjusting, by a multi-axis controller, an optical path of the one or more light beams based on one or more parameters of the virtual image collected by the optical detector.