A light guiding unit includes a light guiding member that light enters and an angle converter that the light from the light guiding member enters. The light guiding member has a side surface and a light exiting end surface which intersects the side surface and via which the light exits. The angle converter includes a light incident section on which the light from the light guiding member is incident, a light exiting section via which the light incident on the angle converter exits, and a reflection section that reflects the light incident via the light incident section toward the light exiting section. The refractive index of the interior of the angle converter is greater than the refractive index of air. The refractive index of the interior of the light guiding member is greater than the refractive index of the interior of the angle converter.

Phosphor elements comprising phosphors in a host material having a phosphorescence-emitting surface with surface nanostructures are disclosed. Phosphor wheels having such phosphor elements, methods of making such phosphor elements, and methods of using such phosphor elements are also disclosed.

A method and a system for obtaining a high-resolution image of a volume of a sample using laser imaging are provided. The method includes a step of probing the volume of the sample with a first excitation beam having an intensity profile of maximum intensity at a center thereof, thereby obtaining a positive image of the volume. The method also includes a step of probing the volume of the sample with a second excitation beam having an intensity profile of minimum intensity at a center thereof and defining a peripheral region of maximum intensity around the center, thereby obtaining a negative image of the volume. The method finally includes a step of subtracting the negative image from the positive image, thereby obtaining the high-resolution image of the volume of the sample. Advantageously, embodiments of the invention can be probe- and fluorescence-independent, and be conveniently retrofitted into existing laser imaging systems.

An optical film has a plurality of aligned convex microlenses, each of which has a region α and a region β, region β forming the outer part of the convex shape of the microlens and positioned so as to cover region α. Both region α and region β contain a resin, and the refractive index of the resin in region α is higher than the refractive index of the resin in region β; region β contains fine particles, and region α contains fine particles, and the content of the fine particles contained in region α is lower than the content of the fine particles contained in region β; or region α contains fine particles, and region β contains fine particles, and the content of the fine particles contained in region α is higher than the content of the fine particles contained in region β.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method for determining quantity of target nucleic acid sequence in a sample. During a PCR-based amplification reaction, fluorescence intensity signals are acquired that form an amplification profile from which an exponential amplification region is desirably identified. In determining the exponential region, embodiments of the present invention determine a fluorescence threshold by background subtraction, test the feasibility of matching a signal to a reference curve and, in the event the feasibility test is successful, determine the matching parameters that quantify the initial amplicon number, and signal detection that reduces systematic errors in the measurements and increase the sensitivity of the measurement by decreasing the apparent noise-floor.

A diffusion film is provided, including a matrix material including a reaction product of following components: a polythiol, a polyolefin, and a crosslinking agent having thiol and alkenyl functional groups; a photoluminescence material including at least a quantum dot or at least a fluorescent powder; and light diffusion particles including organic polymer particles and/or inorganic particles.

The disclosure relates to a method and an imaging device for multi-color imaging using frequency-modulated illumination. The method comprises a step of providing electromagnetic radiation with a plurality of different wavelengths, comprising a step of modulating each wavelength with a different modulation frequency, a step of illuminating a target with the modulated electromagnetic radiation, in particular for excitation of a target, a step of sensing electromagnetic radiation emitted from the target, in particular the luminescence, more in particular the fluorescence, and a step of processing the data obtained in the step of sensing.

A phosphor element includes: a phosphor part having an incident face for excitation light, an opposing face opposing the incident face, and a side face, the phosphor part converting at least a part of the excitation light incident onto the incident face into a fluorescence and emitting the fluorescence from the incident face; an integral low refractive index layer on the side face and opposing face of the phosphor part and having a refractive index lower than that of the phosphor part; and an integral reflection film covering a surface of the low refractive index layer. The area of the incident face of the phosphor part is larger than the area of the opposing face.

The present specification relates to a color conversion film comprising a color conversion functional layer including a phase change material, and a backlight unit and a display apparatus including the color conversion film.

Exemplary reflective display devices and components are described. The devices and components may include a microwell layer having a plurality of quantum dot wells. Each quantum dot well of the plurality of quantum dot wells includes a reflective layer lining an interior wall of the well, and a plurality of nanoparticles configured to emit a color of light. The reflective display components may also include an electrowetting layer positioned above the microwell layer. The electrowetting layer may be operable to independently adjust an intensity of light emitted from each quantum dot well of the plurality of quantum dot wells in the microwell layer. The reflective display components may further include at least one of a light guide layer positioned above or below the electrowetting layer and one or more color filters positioned above at least one of the quantum dot wells.