Provided is a beam scanning apparatus including a plurality of antenna resonators disposed two-dimensionally in a row direction and a column direction, a plurality of row voltage lines that are configured to provide a plurality of driving voltages in a row direction, respectively, a plurality of column voltage lines that are configured to provide a plurality of driving voltages in a column direction, respectively, and a driving voltage conversion circuit configured to control a driving voltage applied to each of the plurality of antenna resonators based on a driving voltage in the row direction that is provided from each of the plurality of row voltage lines and a driving voltage in the column direction that is provided from each of the plurality of column voltage lines.

Provided is an augmented reality device including a display element configured to generate a first image, an optical coupler including a first surface through which the first image is input and a second surface opposite the first surface and configured to output light that is input through the first surface to the second surface and output light that is input through the second surface to the first surface, a reflective polarizer provided on the side of the second surface of the optical coupler and configured to reflect light with a first polarization and transmit light with a second polarization different from the first polarization, and a polarization selective variable focus lens provided in a traveling path of the light with the first polarization reflected by the reflective polarizer and having variable refractive power with respect to the light with the first polarization.

Provided is an augmented reality device including a display element configured to generate a first image, an optical coupler including a first surface through which the first image is input and a second surface opposite the first surface and configured to output light that is input through the first surface to the second surface and output light that is input through the second surface to the first surface, a reflective polarizer provided on the side of the second surface of the optical coupler and configured to reflect light with a first polarization and transmit light with a second polarization different from the first polarization, and a polarization selective variable focus lens provided in a traveling path of the light with the first polarization reflected by the reflective polarizer and having variable refractive power with respect to the light with the first polarization.

A photonic heater is provided. The photonic heater includes a current source and a transfer circuit. The transfer circuit connected to the current source. The photonic heater further includes a heating element. The heating element is connected to the transfer circuit. The transfer circuit is operable to regulate an amount of current being transferred from the current court to the heating element.

A photonic heater is provided. The photonic heater includes a current source and a transfer circuit. The transfer circuit connected to the current source. The photonic heater further includes a heating element. The heating element is connected to the transfer circuit. The transfer circuit is operable to regulate an amount of current being transferred from the current court to the heating element.

Provided is a beam deflector including: a first electrode layer including a plurality of electrode patterns that are arranged in a first direction; a second electrode layer provided to oppose the first electrode layer; a liquid crystal layer provided between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and including a plurality of liquid crystal molecules; an input channel unit including a plurality of input channels; a demultiplexer configured to divide each of the input channels into a preset number of divided channels, and connect the divided channels to the electrode patterns; and a control circuit connected to the demultiplexer, and configured to control an output signal output from the divided channels to the first electrode layer.

An optical path control apparatus includes an oscillating part including an optical member on which light is made incident; an actuator configured to oscillate the oscillating part; and a drive unit configured to apply to the actuator a drive signal with a waveform including a first period in which a current value is changed from a first current value to a second current value and including a second period that is continuous with the first period and in which the current value is held at the second current value, to cause the actuator to oscillate the oscillating part and to control an optical path. The drive unit applies the drive signal so that the length of the first period is a value corresponding to the natural frequency of the oscillating part.

An optical path control apparatus includes an oscillating part including an optical member on which light is made incident; an actuator configured to oscillate the oscillating part; and a drive unit configured to apply to the actuator a drive signal with a waveform including a first period in which a current value is changed from a first current value to a second current value and including a second period that is continuous with the first period and in which the current value is held at the second current value, to cause the actuator to oscillate the oscillating part and to control an optical path. The drive unit applies the drive signal so that the length of the first period is a value corresponding to the natural frequency of the oscillating part.

An imaging apparatus including: an image sensor having a photo-sensitive surface; an optical device arranged on an optical path of light incidenting on the photo-sensitive surface, the optical device being electrically controllable to have a spatially variable focal length; and a processor configured to: generate and send a drive signal to the optical device to compensate for field curvature of optical device by adjusting focal lengths of different portions of the optical device to different extents, wherein a focal length of a first portion of the optical device is higher than a focal length of a second portion of the optical device surrounding the first portion; and control the image sensor to capture a distorted image of a real-world environment.

An active metasurface includes a number of periodically-repeated unit cells arranged on a substrate, each of the unit cells including a high-index dielectric block; a heat source positioned to selectively modulate heat applied to the high-index dielectric block; and an insulating undercut region at an interface between the high-index dielectric block and the substrate.