A nested Mach-Zehnder device may comprise a parent pre-stage interferometer, a parent interferometer coupled to the parent pre-stage interferometer, a first child pre-stage interferometer, a first child interferometer coupled to the first child pre-stage interferometer, a second child pre-stage interferometer, a second child interferometer coupled to the second child pre-stage interferometer, wherein a phase of each interferometer is electrically adjustable. The nested Mach-Zehnder device may comprise one or more components to: determine a performance parameter associated with a constellation diagram generated by the nested Mach-Zehnder device; determine that the performance parameter does not satisfy a threshold, and cause a phase of at least one pre-stage interferometer, of the parent pre-stage interferometer, the first child pre-stage interferometer, or the second child pre-stage interferometer, to be electrically adjusted to cause the performance parameter to satisfy the threshold.

An image displacement device includes a projection lens and a first grating. The projection lens has a lens group, and the lens group includes a first lens and a second lens, where no lens with refractive power is disposed between the first lens and the second lens. The first grating is switchable between a diffracting state and a non-diffracting state, and the first grating is disposed on one side of the first lens facing away from the second lens. A distance between the first grating and an aperture stop of the projection lens measured along an optical axis of the projection lens is smaller than a distance between the first grating and the second lens measured along the optical axis of the projection lens.

Disclosed herein is a pulse repetition rate multiplier including a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) including cascading Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). An input may be connected to one end of the PIC and an output may be connected to the other end of the PIC such that a signal from the input runs through the cascading MZIs and out the output. The input may be configured to receive an input pulsed signal and the output may be configured to output a repetition rate multiplied signal. Advantageously, using a PIC as opposed to an optical fiber-based pulse rate multiplier allows for accurate fabrication of a pulse repetition rate multiplier configured to accept higher frequency pulsed signals.

According to one embodiment, a display device includes a first display panel, and a polarizer opposed to the first display panel and having a transmission axis for transmitting linearly polarized light. The first display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate opposed to the first substrate, and a first liquid crystal layer held between the first substrate and the second substrate and including streak-like polymers and liquid crystal molecules. An extension direction of the polymers is substantially orthogonal to the transmission axis.

An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Methods and apparatuses for manipulating and modulating of laser beams. The methods and apparatuses enable activating and deactivating of laser beams, while the laser systems maintain their operating power. Further, a hybrid pump module configured to be coupled to an optical fiber having a core and at least one clad, comprising: at least one focusing lens in optical with the optical fiber; plurality of diode modules, each configured to output a multi-mode beam in optical path with the clad; and at least one core associated module, in optical path with the core, configured to provide selected functions. Further, apparatus and methods configured for frequency doubling of optical radiation.

An integrated electro-optic frequency comb generator based on ultralow loss integrated, e.g. thin-film lithium niobate, platform, which enables low power consumption comb generation spanning over a wider range of optical frequencies. The comb generator includes an intensity modulator, and at least one phase modulator, which provides a powerful technique to generate a broad high power comb, without using an optical resonator. A compact integrated electro-optic modulator based frequency comb generator, provides the benefits of integrated, e.g. lithium niobate, platform including low waveguide loss, high electro-optic modulation efficiency, small bending radius and flexible microwave design.

The nonlinearities of cascaded and series configurations of Mach-Zehnder electrooptic modulators are utilized to increase signal bandwidth and boost signal fidelity in electronic digital to analog converters.

A beam positioner for deflecting a beam path, along which a diffracted beam of linearly polarized laser light is propagatable, within a two-dimensional scan field, the beam positioner includes a first acousto-optic deflectors (AOD) to deflect the beam path within a first one-dimensional scan field extending along a first axis of the two-dimensional scan field, a second AOD to deflect the beam path within a second one-dimensional scan field extending along a second axis of the two-dimensional scan field, a phase retarder arranged between the first AOD and the second AOD and within the beam path along which the beam of laser light is propagatable from the first AOD and a mirror arranged between the first AOD and the second AOD and within the beam path along which the beam of laser light is propagatable from the first AOD.

Methods and apparatuses for manipulating and modulating of laser beams. The methods and apparatuses enable activating and deactivating of laser beams, while the laser systems maintain their operating power. Further, a hybrid pump module configured to be coupled to an optical fiber having a core and at least one clad, comprising: at least one focusing lens in optical with the optical fiber; plurality of diode modules, each configured to output a multi-mode beam in optical path with the clad; and at least one core associated module, in optical path with the core, configured to provide selected functions. Further, apparatus and methods configured for frequency doubling of optical radiation.