A display according to an embodiment of the disclosure includes a light-emitting device and a display panel unit. The light-emitting device includes a light guide plate, a light source, a reflecting plate, and a dot pattern. The light guide plate has a light-outputting surface including a plurality of band-shaped projections extending in a direction orthogonal to the light-entering end surface. The light source is disposed along the light-entering end surface. The reflecting plate is disposed to face the rear surface of the light guide plate. The dot pattern fixes the light guide plate and the reflecting plate to each other and serves as a light scatterer. The display panel unit includes a display panel, an optical sheet, and a fixing layer. The fixing layer adheres or sticks the display panel and the optical sheet to each other and serves as a light diffuser.

A digital light path length modulator comprises an optical path length extender (OPLE) and a polarization modulator. The OPLE comprises two light paths having different path lengths, such that light having a first polarization is directed through a first light path, and the light having a second polarization is directed through a second light path.

An electro-optical chip includes an optical input port, an optical output port, and an optical waveguide having a first end optically connected to the optical input port and a second end optically connected to the optical output port. The optical waveguide includes one or more segments. Different segments of the optical waveguide extends in either a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a direction between horizontal and vertical, or a curved direction. The electro-optical chip also includes a plurality of optical microring resonators is positioned along at least one segment of the optical waveguide. Each microring resonator of the plurality of optical microring resonators is optically coupled to a different location along the optical waveguide. The electro-optical chip also includes electronic circuitry for controlling a resonant wavelength of each microring resonator of the plurality of optical microring resonators.

An optical modulator is disclosed that includes an optical resonator structure. The optical resonator structure includes at least one non-linear portion, the at least one non-linear portion comprising at least one radial junction region. The at least one radial junction region is formed between at least first and second materials, respectively, having different electronic conductivity characteristics. A principal axis of the at least one radial junction region is oriented along a radius of curvature of the at least one non-linear portion. The optical modulator includes an optical waveguide that is coupled to the at least one non-linear portion of the optical resonator structure.

A digital light path length modulator includes an optical path length extender (OPLE) and a polarization modulator. The OPLE has two light paths with different path lengths, such that the light having a first polarization is directed through a first light path, and the light having a second polarization is directed through a second light path.

An apparatus for spectral broadening of laser pulses includes a main body, a plurality of mirror elements fastened to the main body, each having a mirror surface formed thereon and configured to reflect the laser pulses the plurality of mirror elements being fastened to a main body, and at least one nonlinear optical medium for the passage of the laser pulses for the generation of a nonlinear phase (Φ.sub.NL) by self-phase modulation. The at least one nonlinear optical medium may be a sheet-like and disk-shaped solid-state optical medium and/or a gaseous optical medium.

The present disclosure provides an image capturing apparatus, including: a light source module having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other; an LCD module having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, wherein the second surface of the LCD module faces the first surface of the light source module, and the LCD module includes a scattering layer for scattering an incident light; a light-transmitting cover plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, wherein the first surface of the light-transmitting cover plate is configured to contact with an object to be captured, and the second surface of the light-transmitting cover plate is configured to face the first surface of the LCD module; and a sensor module configured to collect the incident light reflected by the light-transmitting cover plate.

A digital light path length modulator includes an optical path length extender (OPLE) and a polarization modulator. The OPLE has two light paths with different path lengths, such that the light having a first polarization is directed through a first light path, and the light having a second polarization is directed through a second light path.

The present disclosure provides a multi-pass free-carrier absorption variable optical attenuator device, including: a diode structure including a P-type doped region and an N-type doped region separated by an intrinsic region; and an optical waveguide including a plurality of optical waveguide sections aligned parallel to one another and disposed between the P-type doped region and the N-type doped region and within the intrinsic region of the diode structure. Further, the present disclosure provides a multi-pass thermal phase shifter device, including: a silicon structure including or coupled to one or more heater elements; and an optical waveguide including a plurality of optical waveguide sections aligned parallel to one another and disposed adjacent to the one or more heater elements. Optionally, at least two of the optical waveguide sections have different geometries and are separated by a predetermined gap.

A Faraday rotator includes: a disk-shaped magneto-optical solid-state medium, a magnet generator configured to generate a magnetic field in the magneto-optical solid-state medium, a heat sink with a support surface for the magneto-optical solid-state medium, a reflector mounted between the heat sink and the magneto-optical solid-state medium and configured to reflect a laser beam entering the magneto-optical solid-state medium in a first impingement region on a first side of the magneto-optical solid-state medium facing away from the support surface, and a deflector configured to deflect the laser beam emerging from the magneto-optical solid-state medium back to a second impingement region at least partly overlapping with the first impingement region on the first side. An optical isolator can have at least one such Faraday rotator. A driver laser arrangement can have at least one such optical isolator. An EUV radiation generation apparatus can have such a driver laser arrangement.