A device for modulation of light (16) having a wavelength, comprising: a first substrate (10) with a first face (81) and a second opposite face (82), and comprising a first electrode (11); a second substrate (20) adjacent to the second face (82) and defining a gap between the first and second substrate (10, 20), the second substrate (20) comprising a second electrode (21); a responsive liquid crystal layer (15) disposed in the gap, wherein the responsive liquid crystal layer (15) has a flexoelectro-optic chiral nematic phase, and is birefringent with an optic axis that tilts in response to an applied electric field between the first and second electrode (11, 21); and a minor adjacent to the second substrate (20), the minor configured to reflect incident circular polarised light while preserving its handedness.

Systems, methods, and apparatus for photonic crystals logic devices are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, a disclosed method for an optical logic device comprises radiating, by at least one source, at least one signal. The method further comprises reflecting at least one signal off of at least one photonic crystal, when at least one photonic crystal senses a physical phenomena of a threshold strength. Also, the method comprises not reflecting at least one signal off of at least one photonic crystal, when at least one photonic crystal does not sense the physical phenomena of the threshold strength. Further, the method comprises detecting or not detecting, by at least one detector, at least one signal.

Acousto-optical modulators, such as a SAW modulators, with telescope arrays and superimposed volume gratings for light field generation are disclosed. These devices can employ pixelated demagnification and have layers of output optics, such as reflective gratings and/or arrays of transmissive refractive or diffractive lenses that manipulate the light emitted by the SAW modulator. In other cases, superimposed volume gratings are used, in which pixilation occurs in angle space.

An array substrate in a respective one of the plurality of subpixels includes a base substrate; a reflective electrode configured to reflect incident ambient light for image display in a reflective display mode; a first insulating layer on a side of the reflective electrode away from the base substrate; a pixel electrode configured to receive a data voltage for driving liquid crystal molecules and on a side of the first insulating layer away from the reflective electrode; a second insulating layer on a side of the pixel electrode away from the first insulating layer; and a common electrode configured to receive a common voltage and on a side of the second insulating layer away from the pixel electrode. The common electrode, the second insulating layer, and the pixel electrode constitute a first capacitor. The pixel electrode, the first insulating layer, and the reflective electrode constitute a second capacitor.

An array substrate in a respective one of the plurality of subpixels includes a base substrate; a reflective electrode configured to reflect incident ambient light for image display in a reflective display mode; a first insulating layer on a side of the reflective electrode away from the base substrate; a pixel electrode configured to receive a data voltage for driving liquid crystal molecules and on a side of the first insulating layer away from the reflective electrode; a second insulating layer on a side of the pixel electrode away from the first insulating layer; and a common electrode configured to receive a common voltage and on a side of the second insulating layer away from the pixel electrode. The common electrode, the second insulating layer; and the pixel electrode constitute a first capacitor. The pixel electrode, the first insulating layer, and the reflective electrode constitute a second capacitor.

A modular routing node includes a single input port and a plurality of output ports. The modular routing node is arranged to produce a plurality of different deflections and uses small adjustments to compensate for wavelength differences and alignment tolerances in an optical system. An optical device is arranged to receive a multiplex of many optical signals at different wavelengths, to separate the optical signals into at least two groups, and to process at least one of the groups adaptively.

Provided are a beam steering apparatus, a method of driving the beam steering apparatus, and a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system including the beam steering apparatus. The beam steering apparatus includes: a phase modulation device configured to modulate a phase of incident light and emit at least first emitted light and second emitted light; and a beam reflection device configured to reflect, to an object, at least one from among the first emitted light and the second emitted light. The phase modulation device includes a plurality of channels configured to independently modulate the phase of the incident light, and a binary phase profile is formed when one of first and second phase values φ1 and φ2 is applied to each of the plurality of channels.

The disclosure provides a method for fabricating a metallic optical metasurface having an array of hologram elements. The method includes forming a first copper layer protected with a conducting or dielectric barrier layer over a backplane structure by a damascene process. The first copper layer comprises a plurality of nano-gaps vertically extending from the backplane structure. The plurality of nano-gaps is filled with a dielectric material. The method also includes removing the dielectric material and a portion of the conducting or dielectric barrier layer to expose the portions in the nano-gaps of the first copper layer. The method may further include depositing a dielectric coating layer over the top portion and exposed side portions of the first copper layer to form a protected first copper layer, and filling the gaps with an electrically-tunable dielectric material that has an electrically-tunable refractive index.

Achieving precise, localized reversible control of optical material properties is challenging. Fortunately, electrochemical reactions and proton pumping in a solid-state system provide reversible electrical control of the solid-state system's optical properties. Applying a voltage to a thin solid electrolyte layer, such as GdO.sub.x, splits water into O.sub.2 and H.sup.+ (with charge conservation ensured by electron transfer at the electrodes) at the interface between the solid electrolyte and an electrode. The voltage drives the protons into the solid electrolyte, changing the solid electrolyte's refractive index. Reversing the polarity of the applied voltage drives the protons out of the solid electrolyte, reversing the refractive index change. This reversible electrical control can be used to implement interference color modulation, transmission modulation, and switchable plasmonics. Because the solid electrolyte can be less than 10 nanometers thick, this electrochemical control enables highly localized control of optical properties active plasmonic devices and reconfigurable metamaterials.

According to one embodiment/ an electro-optical device includes a panel, a sealant, a liquid crystal layer, a light source and a reflective layer. The panel includes first and second transparent substrates, an electro-optical area and a peripheral area. The seal is provided in the peripheral area and adheres the substrates. The liquid crystal layer contains a polymer liquid crystal composition. The light source opposes a side surface of the first or second substrates. The reflective layer is between the substrates. The panel includes a first edge, and the reflective layer overlaps a portion of the sealant, located along the first edge.