A nonlinear converter may comprise: alternating layers of a dielectric material and a metal material; a first refractive index of the nonlinear converter for a first wavelength (i.e., input wavelength or pump wavelength) between 207 nm and 237 nm, the first refractive index being less than 0.5, the first refractive index corresponding to metal fill ratio; and a second refractive index of the nonlinear converter for a second wavelength (i.e., output wavelength or SHG wavelength), the second wavelength being approximately double the first wavelength, the second refractive index corresponding to the metal fill ratio.

This invention relates to a device for rapid focus control of one or more lasers. The controlled beam (5), is refracted by the dynamic refraction device (1) whose refractive index is set by its response to the control beam (3). The invention can be used for rapid focus and re-focus of a laser on a target as might be useful in such industries as flat panel television manufacturing, fuel injector nozzle manufacture, laser material processing/machining, laser scanning and indirect drive inertial confinement fusion.

The document discloses transferrable hyperbolic metamaterial particles (THMMP) that display broadband, selective, omnidirectional absorption and can be transferred to secondary substrates, allowing enhanced flexibility and selective transmission. A device having metamaterial nanostructures includes a substrate and metamaterial nanostructures engaged to the substrate to form an optical layer to interact with light incident to the optical layer to exhibit optical reflection or absorption or transmission that is substantially uniform over a spectral range of different optical wavelengths associated with materials and structural features of the metamaterial nanostructures, each metamaterial nanostructure including different material layers that are interleaved to form a multi-layer nanostructure.

Provided are an optical modulation device, a method of operating the same, and an apparatus including the optical modulation device. The optical modulation device may include a mirror area, a nano-antenna area, and an active area located between the mirror area and the nano-antenna area, and a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes for changing physical properties of the active area may intersect each other to form a cross-point array structure. The plurality of first electrodes may be included in the mirror area or may be provided separately from the mirror area. The plurality of second electrodes may be included in the nano-antenna area and may be provided separately from the nano-antenna area.

A tunable metasurface is provided. The tunable metasurface includes a mirror, a dielectric layer disposed on the mirror, a metallic antenna and a phase change material (PCM) layer. The PCM layer is interposed between the dielectric layer and the metallic antenna. The PCM layer is configured to be amorphous or crystalline. The mirror, the dielectric layer, the metallic antenna and the PCM layer cooperatively form a Fabry Perot cavity in which light incident on the metallic antenna from free space is reflected between the mirror and the metallic antenna. The PCM layer has blanket dimensions relative to those of the metallic antenna such that the Fabry Perot cavity is critically coupled with the free space when the PCM layer is only one of amorphous and crystalline.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include apparatuses and method for a stacked light emitting diode (LED) hologram display. A stacked LED hologram display can include a first array of LEDs that are configured to emit red light received by a meta-optics panel configured to display a first portion of a holographic image, a second array of LEDs that are configured to emit green light received by a meta-optics panel configured to display a second portion of a holographic image, and a third array of LEDs that are configured to emit blue light received by a meta-optics panel configured to display a third portion of a holographic image. The stacked LED hologram display can include a number of actuators configured to adjust a position of a first array of LEDs in first direction and a second direction, adjust a position of a second array of LEDs in the first direction and the second direction, and adjust a position of a third array of LEDs in the first direction and the second direction.

According to various embodiments, a tunable optical device comprises a tunable optical metasurface on a substrate with an integrated driver circuit. In some embodiments, the tunable optical device includes a photon shield layer to prevent optical radiation from disrupting operation of the driver circuit. In some embodiments, the tunable optical device includes a diagnostic circuit to detect and disable defective optical structures of the metasurface. In some embodiments, the tunable optical device includes an integrated heater circuit that maintains a liquid crystal of the metasurface above a minimum operating temperature. In some embodiments, the tunable optical device includes an integrated lidar sequencing controller, a steering pattern subcircuit, and a photodetector circuit.

There are disclosed an electrically tunable metasurface and a method for modulating propagation characteristics of an incident plane wave. The electrically tunable metasurface comprising: i) a plurality of scatterer rings, each one of the plurality of scatterer rings including bow-tie radiator elements, the bow-tie radiator elements in a corresponding scatterer ring having a same geometric configuration; and ii) a plurality of electrodes, each electrode being configured to provide a biasing voltage to the corresponding scatterer ring. The method comprising: i) receiving, by an electrically tunable metasurface, the incident plane wave; and ii) modulating the propagation characteristics of the incident plane wave by providing specific biasing voltage to the corresponding scatterer rings.

Embodiments of metasurfaces having nanostructures with desired geometric profiles and configurations are provided in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a metasurface includes a nanostructure formed on a substrate, wherein the nanostructure is cuboidal or cylindrical in shape. In another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein each of the nanostructures has a gap greater than 35 nm spaced apart from each other. In yet another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein the nanostructures are fabricated from at least one of TiO.sub.2, silicon nitride, or amorphous silicon, or GaN or aluminum zinc oxide or any material with refractive index greater than 1.8, and absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001, the substrate is transparent with absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001.

According to various embodiments, a cover is sealed over a metasurface on a substrate to create a sealed chamber. Liquid crystal, or another tunable refractive index dielectric material, is positioned within the sealed chamber around optical structures of the metasurface before or after the cover is sealed. For example, the liquid crystal may be injected through small vias or holes to fill a sealed chamber. In some embodiments, a glass cover is shaped or patterned with photoresist to protrude into the sealed chamber to reduce the thickness of the liquid crystal used to fill the sealed chamber. A driver to control the metasurface may be, for example, integrated within the substrate, be attached to exposed bond pads of the metasurface, and/or be embodied as a control layer connected to the metasurface through the substrate by through-substrate vias (TSVs).