A phase shifter and a method of making a phase shifter are disclosed herein. The phase shifter may include a housing, a dielectric, an electrode, and a liquid crystal layer. The housing includes first, second, third, and fourth conductive walls, each conductive wall being opposite one of the other walls. The dielectric is situated within the housing and defines a compartment within the housing. The electrode is aligned with the compartment. The liquid crystal layer fills the space of the compartment. A bias line is coupled to the electrode. The phase shifter may be integrated with as substrate integrated waveguide.

Electro-optical modulators and methods of fabrication are disclosed. An electro-optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a substrate removed semiconductor layer and a coplanar waveguide. Signals from the coplanar waveguide are capacitively coupled to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer through first and second dielectric layers.

A liquid crystal composition and a liquid crystal display, the composition including a liquid crystal compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 below:

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A pixel structure substrate including a substrate, a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer is provided. A data line and a first electrode are disposed on the substrate. The first dielectric layer directly covers the data line. The second dielectric layer covers the first electrode and the first dielectric layer. A thickness of the second dielectric layer is smaller than a thickness of the first dielectric layer, and the following equation is satisfied
u1*A1/d1<u2*A2/d2, wherein A1 denotes an area of the first dielectric layer overlapping the data line, d1 denotes the thickness of the first dielectric layer and u1 denotes a permittivity of the first dielectric layer, A2 denotes an area of the second dielectric layer overlapping the pixel electrode, d2 denotes the thickness of the second dielectric layer and u2 denotes a permittivity of the second dielectric layer.

There is provided a high-definition liquid crystal display device that can prevent flicker due to a reduction in the pixel potential in a low-frequency drive of about 10 Hz to reduce power consumption. The pixel has a TFT formed of Poly-Si as a switching element. In the pixel, a capacitance insulating film is formed on a planar first electrode on which a comb-shaped second electrode is fanned. When the film thickness of the insulating film is d and the dielectric constant at 10 Hz frequency is , it is given that d510.sup.6 m at 10 Hz frequency. The capacitance insulating film does not have a hysteresis characteristic. The refractive index of the capacitance insulating film with respect to a light of a wavelength of 632.8 nm is 1.7 to 2.0.

Embodiments of the invention provide an array substrate. The array substrate comprises a plurality of pixel units. The array substrate comprises a first electrode layer, an insulating layer covering the first electrode layer, and a second electrode layer formed on the insulating layer. The first electrode layer comprises a first electrode arranged in each of the pixel units, the insulating layer comprises an insulating layer unit covering the surface of each of the first electrodes, and the second electrode layer comprises a second electrode arranged on the insulating layer unit. Within each of the pixel units, the insulating layer unit comprises a plurality of insulating regions, and at least one of the insulating regions has a dielectric constant different from dielectric constants of other insulating regions.

A totally internally reflective image display having a first electrically charged particle and a second electrically charged particle of opposite charges are disclosed. By applying a non-zero voltage the particles are moved such that they frustrate total internal reflection and create a dark state. By applying a zero voltage and/or voltage pulsing, light is totally internally reflected to create a light state. The display is DC balanced and compatible with common drive electronics. Multi-colored displays may be created using first and second particles with different optical characteristics.

There is provided a high-definition liquid crystal display device that can prevent flicker due to a reduction in the pixel potential in a low-frequency drive of about 10 Hz to reduce power consumption. The pixel has a TFT formed of Poly-Si as a switching element. In the pixel, a capacitance insulating film is formed on a planar first electrode on which a comb-shaped second electrode is formed. When the film thickness of the insulating film is d and the dielectric constant at 10 Hz frequency is , it is given that d510.sup.6 m at 10 Hz frequency. The capacitance insulating film does not have a hysteresis characteristic. The refractive index of the capacitance insulating film with respect to a light of a wavelength of 632.8 nm is 1.7 to 2.0.

Electro-optical modulators and methods of fabrication are disclosed. An electro-optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a substrate removed semiconductor layer and a coplanar waveguide. Signals from the coplanar waveguide are capacitively coupled to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer through first and second dielectric layers.

Electro-optical devices and methods for constructing electro-optical devices such as a switch or phase shifter. An electrode layer is deposited on a substrate layer, a waveguide structure is deposited on the electrode layer, a first cladding layer is deposited on the waveguide structure, and the first cladding layer is planarized and bonded to a wafer. The substrate layer is removed and the electrode layer is etched to split the electrode layer into a first electrode separated from a second electrode. A second cladding layer is deposited on the etched electrode layer. The first and second electrodes may be composed of a material with a large dielectric constant, or they may be composed of a material with a large electron mobility. The device may exhibit a sandwich waveguide architecture where an electro-optic layer is disposed between two strip waveguides.