A center wavelength of first pulsed light (exciting pulsed light) is variable, and a pulse rate of the first pulsed light coincides with an integer multiple of a free spectral interval of an optical oscillator at a center wavelength of second pulsed light (signal pulsed light or idler pulsed light). A center wavelength of a nonlinear gain generated by a nonlinear optical medium is made approximately coincident with the center wavelength of the second pulsed light.

A liquid crystal display device includes a TFT substrate and a counter substrate with liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween. The TFT substrate has scanning lines 10 extending in a first direction and arrayed in a second direction and video signal lines 20 extending in the second direction and arrayed in the first direction. The TFT substrate has a display area 500 in which TFT pixels are arrayed in a matrix pattern, and a frame area 600 surrounding the display area. In the frame area 600, common bus wires 521 are formed in the same layer and with the same material as the video signal lines 20 and are impressed with a common voltage. Dummy TFTs are formed in a layer under the common bus wires 521. The scanning lines 10, extending over the frame area 600, are divided outside the display area and are interconnected by bridging wires 170.

A liquid crystal display device having an outer shape of a display region formed other than a rectangle. A driver for supplying a video signal is disposed outside the display region. A selector with selector TFT is disposed between the display region and the driver. A video signal line is disposed between the driver and the selector, and a drain line is disposed between the selector and the display region. A scanning circuit for supplying a scanning signal to the scanning line is disposed outside the display region. The selector is disposed between the scanning line and the display region, and covered with ITO as the common electrode. The common bus wiring is disposed outside the selector.

A black matrix structure and manufacturing method thereof, an array substrate, a color filter substrate and a display apparatus are provided. The black matrix structure comprises a first black matrix and a plurality of predefined opening regions arranged in an array and surrounded by lines of the first black matrix, wherein, each of the predefined opening regions is provided with an opening therein, and at least one of the predefined opening regions is provided with a second black matrix therein, edges of shading pattern of the second black matrix are adjacent to the opening or in contact with at least one line edge of the first black matrix, and length of a part of each line edge of the first black matrix being in contact with the edge of shading pattern of the second black matrix is less than length of this line edge of the first black matrix.

Exemplary thin-film optical devices have first and second layer groups disposed as a layer stack on a substrate. The first layer group comprises a first PPN layer, a first LCP layer, and a first barrier layer all superposed. The second layer group is superposed relative to the first layer group, and includes a second PPN layer, a second LCP layer, and a second barrier layer all superposed. The first and second layer groups cooperate to polarize multiple wavelengths of an incident light flux in a broadband and/or wide-angle manner. Each of the layer groups has an alignment layer, a respective liquid-crystal polymer layer, and a barrier layer.

In an optical circuit using a Mach-Zehnder-type element, it is difficult to obtain an optical circuit which has a less wavelength dependence and is suitable for achieving high integration. Accordingly, an optical circuit according to the present invention includes: a first Mach-Zehnder-type element including a first branch waveguide, a first branching/combining unit connected to one end of the first branch waveguide, and a second branching/combining unit connected to another end of the first branch waveguide and having a branch configuration different from that of the first branching/combining unit; and a second Mach-Zehnder-type element including a second branch waveguide, a third branching/combining unit connected to one end of the second branch waveguide, and a fourth branching/combining unit connected to another end of the second branch waveguide and having a branch configuration different from that of the third branching/combining unit. The first branch waveguide and the second branch waveguide each include a phase difference adjustment means. In the second branching/combining unit and the third branching/combining unit, light coupling between two basic modes with a phase inverted and a higher-order mode, is smaller than that in the first branching/combining unit and the fourth branching/combining unit. The first Mach-Zehnder-type element and the second Mach-Zehnder-type element are connected with each other through the second branching/combining unit and the third branching/combining unit.

An object is to provide a liquid crystal display device which can recognize image display even when the liquid crystal display device is used in a dim environment. In one pixel, a pixel electrode including both of a region where incident light through a liquid crystal layer is reflected and a transmissive region is provided, and image display can be performed in both modes: the reflective mode where external light is used as an illumination light source; and the transmissive mode where the backlight is used as an illumination light source. When there is external light with insufficient brightness, that is, in a dim environment, the backlight emits weak light and an image is displayed in the reflective mode, whereby image display can be performed.

A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate including one surface, a second substrate including one surface and the other surface, a first alignment layer which is disposed on the one surface of the first substrate, includes a polymeric material, and has a first thickness, a first photocured layer disposed on the first alignment layer, a second alignment layer which is disposed on the one surface of the second substrate, and includes a polymeric material same as the polymeric material in the first alignment layer, and which has a second thickness less than the first thickness, a second photocured layer disposed on the second alignment layer, and a liquid crystal layer which includes first liquid crystal molecules and second liquid crystal molecules further vertically aligned than the first liquid crystal molecules in an initial aligned state.

An apparatus includes a dispersive-collimating element, a Faraday material apparatus and a focusing-dispersive element. The dispersive-collimating element assigns each beam wavelength to a particular spatial position. The beams are parallel one to the other. The Faraday material apparatus provides a polarization rotation independently for each wavelength, and the focusing-dispersive element recombines the different wavelengths into one single beam.

A display device is provided. A liquid crystal compensation layer is disposed on each of a first polarizer and a second polarizer. The liquid crystal compensation layers adjust compensation values through refractive index differences and thicknesses of liquid crystal molecules, so adjustment ranges are large and limitations are few, and the liquid crystal compensation layers can be matched with high phase differences of a liquid crystal display panel. Opposite two sides of the liquid crystal display panel are arranged symmetrically, number and thickness of film layers on each side is the same, so that a situation of bending due to different stress on the two sides of the liquid crystal display panel can be prevented.