A head up display system is provided and includes an image source, an image adjustment device, a controller, and a reflector. The image source is adapted to output an image with an image light traveling in a light path. The image adjustment device is positioned on the light path of the image light, wherein the image adjustment device comprises a liquid crystal panel. The controller is adapted to control the image adjustment device. The reflector is adapted to reflect the image light passing through the image adjustment device to a projection screen. A display method of a head up display system is also provided in the disclosure.

A tunable liquid crystal (LC) device includes an LC layer between a pair of reflectors forming an optical cavity. The reflectors include conductive layers for applying an electrical signal to the LC layer. One of the conductive layers may include an array of conductive pixels for spatially selective control of the effective refractive index of the LC layer. The phase delay introduced by the LC layer may be greatly increased or magnified by placing the LC layer into the optical cavity. This enables a substantial reduction of the LC layer thickness, which in its turn enables very tight pitches of the LC pixels, with a reduced inter-pixel crosstalk caused by fringing electric fields, as well as faster switching times. A tight-pitch, fast LC device may be used as a configurable hologram or a spatial light modulator.

A shaping apparatus is equipped with: a beam shaping system having a beam irradiation section that includes a condensing optical system which emits a beam and a material processing section which supplies a shaping material irradiated by the beam from the beam irradiation section; and a controller which, on the basis of 3D data of a three-dimensional shaped object to be formed on a target surface, controls a workpiece movement system and the beam shaping system such that a target portion on the target surface is shaped by supplying the shaping material from the material processing section while moving the beam from the beam irradiation section and the target surface on a workpiece (or a table) relative to each other. Further the intensity distribution of the beam in the shaping plane facing the emitting surface of the condensing optical system can be modified.

Various embodiments may provide a device for controlling an electromagnetic wave according to various embodiments. The device may include a medium. The device may further include an array of elements in contact with the medium and may be configured to receive the electromagnetic wave. Each element of the array of elements may include a phase change material configured to switch from, at least, a first state to a second state in response to an external input, thereby changing an optical property of the respective element to control the electromagnetic wave.

A device for modulation of light (16) having a wavelength, comprising: a first substrate (10) with a first face (81) and a second opposite face (82), and comprising a first electrode (11); a second substrate (20) adjacent to the second face (82) and defining a gap between the first and second substrate (10, 20), the second substrate (20) comprising a second electrode (21); a responsive liquid crystal layer (15) disposed in the gap, wherein the responsive liquid crystal layer (15) has a flexoelectro-optic chiral nematic phase, and is birefringent with an optic axis that tilts in response to an applied electric field between the first and second electrode (11, 21); and a minor adjacent to the second substrate (20), the minor configured to reflect incident circular polarised light while preserving its handedness.

There is provided a laser processing device that includes a laser light source configured to output laser light, a spatial light modulator configured to modulate the laser light output from the laser light source according to a phase pattern and emit the modulated laser light, an objective lens configured to converge the laser light emitted from the spatial light modulator onto an object, a controller configured to control a phase pattern to be displayed on the spatial light modulator, and a determiner configured to determine whether operation of the spatial light modulator is normal, in which the controller performs switching control in which the phase pattern to be displayed on the spatial light modulator is switched, and the determiner makes the determination on the basis of a change in intensity of the laser light emitted from the spatial light modulator between before the switching control and after the switching control.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. The directional backlight may be arranged to switch between at least a first wide angular luminance profile mode and a second narrow angular luminance profile mode. The directional backlight is arranged to illuminate an LCD with a bias electrode arranged to switch liquid crystal directors in black state pixels between a first wide angular contrast profile mode and a second narrow angular contrast profile mode. Performance of privacy operation for off-axis snoopers is enhanced in comparison to displays with only directional backlights or switchable contrast properties.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus includes a waveguide and light source array for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure in which steps may include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a forward direction. Returning light propagating in a backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. Alignment of the waveguide to mechanical and optical components may be provided by surface relief features of the waveguide arranged in regions adjacent the input surface and intermediate the light emitting regions of the light sources. Efficient, uniform operation may be achieved with low cross talk for application to autostereoscopic and privacy modes of operation.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus includes a waveguide and a light source array, providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, and the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a forward direction. Returning light propagating in a backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and define the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. The imaging directional backlight apparatus further includes a control system for controlling the light output directional distribution in an automotive or vehicle environment in dependence on the output from sensors mounted on the vehicle. The control system is arranged to control the light output direction distribution of portable directional displays co-located with the vehicle.

A reflective dynamic metasurface of an embodiment comprises a structure enabling phase modulation in each of pixels constituting at least a one-dimensional array. The metasurface includes: a laminated structure body having a transparent conductive layer and a dielectric layer; a first metal film on one surface of the laminated structure body; a second metal film on the other surface of the laminated structure body; and a drive circuit controlling voltage applied between the first and second metal films. The first and second metal films are arranged to sandwich the pixels. The first metal film is arranged to expose a pair of window regions in one pixel, and the second metal film includes partial metal films defining the shape of each pixel and separated from each other. The drive circuit individually controls the potential of each partial metal film, thereby modulating the phase of the input light for each pixel.