A programmable two-dimensional simultaneous multi-beam optically operated phased array receiver chip is manufactured based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and indium phosphide (InP) semiconductor manufacturing processes, including the SiN process. The InP-based semiconductor is used for preparing a laser array chip and a semiconductor optical amplifier array chip, the SiN is used for preparing an optical power divider, and the SOI semiconductor is used for preparing a silicon optical modulator, a germanium-silicon detector, an optical wavelength multiplexer, a true delay line, and other passive optical devices. The whole integration of the receiver chip is realized through heterogeneous integration of the InP-based chip and the SOI-based chip. Simultaneous multi-beam scanning can be realized through peripheral circuit programming control. The chip not only can realize two-dimensional multi-beam scanning, but also has strong expansibility, such that the chip can be used for ultra-wideband high-capacity wireless communication and simultaneous multi-target radar recognition systems.

A photonic integrated circuit comprises a silicon nitride waveguide, an electro-optic modulator formed of a III-nitride waveguide structure disposed on the silicon nitride waveguide, a dielectric cladding covering the silicon nitride waveguide and electro-optic modulator, and electrical contacts disposed on the dielectric cladding and arranged to apply an electric field to the electro-optic modulator.

A reflective display panel and a display device are provided. The reflective display includes: a first liquid crystal cell including a first substrate and a second substrate oppositely arranged to each other, and a first liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of pixel units on the first substrate, where each pixel unit includes a first sub-pixel unit and a second sub-pixel unit; an optical structure, arranged at a light-emitting side of the first liquid crystal cell and covering the pixel units.

A pointing unit (100) for use with a free space optical (FSO) communications terminal (105) including an optical arrangement (101) of one or more optically transmissive steering elements (101a, 101b). The steering elements (101a, 101b) are arranged in an optical path of an incident beam (107) entering the optical arrangement (100), and the orientation of at least one element (101a, 101b), and the refractive index of at least one element (101a, 101b), are controllable to steer a beam (107b) towards a target (110).

A multi-channel light emitting module includes a base, at least one light emitting unit provided on the base, an optical modulation chip provided on the base, and an optical transmission component. The optical modulation chip includes an encapsulation structure and a thin film lithium niobate (LiNbOx) modulator provided in the encapsulation structure. The thin film LiNbOx modulator is optically coupled with the at least one light emitting unit, and the light emitting unit is provided outside the encapsulation structure. The optical transmission component is optically coupled with the thin film LiNbOx modulator.

A multi-channel light emitting module includes a base, at least one light emitting unit provided on the base, an optical modulation chip provided on the base, and an optical transmission component. The optical modulation chip includes an encapsulation structure and a thin film lithium niobate (LiNbOx) modulator provided in the encapsulation structure. The thin film LiNbOx modulator is optically coupled with the at least one light emitting unit, and the light emitting unit is provided outside the encapsulation structure. The optical transmission component is optically coupled with the thin film LiNbOx modulator.

Provided are an imaging apparatus capable of maintaining favorable visibility of display in a finder, a finder display control method of the imaging apparatus, a finder display control program of the imaging apparatus, and a viewfinder. The viewfinder (30) includes an observation optical system (32), a finder LCD (36), a beam splitter (34) that superimposes display of the finder LCD (36) on an optical image of a subject observed through the observation optical system (32), an electronic variable ND filter (40) that adjusts a light amount of the optical image of the subject incident into the beam splitter (34), a transmittance measurement unit (90) that measures the transmittance of the electronic variable ND filter (40) changing over time in a case where the transmittance of the electronic variable ND filter (40) is switched, and a finder LCD display control unit (110b) that controls the light amount of the display device in real time on the basis of the result of measurement of the transmittance measurement unit (90). The finder LCD display control unit (110b) controls the light amount of the finder LCD (36) so as to keep constant a light amount ratio of the optical image of the subject observed through the observation optical system (32) and the display of the finder LCD (36) superimposed on the optical image.

A reflective display panel and a display device are provided. The reflective display includes: a first liquid crystal cell including a first substrate and a second substrate oppositely arranged to each other, and a first liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of pixel units on the first substrate, where each pixel unit includes a first sub-pixel unit and a second sub-pixel unit; an optical structure, arranged at a light-emitting side of the first liquid crystal cell and covering the pixel units.

Diffractive optical structures, lenses, waveplates, devices, systems and methods, which have the same effect on light regardless of temperature within an operating temperature range. Temperature-compensated switchable diffractive waveplate systems, in which the diffraction efficiency can be maximized for the operating wavelength and temperature by means of adjustment of the electric potential across the liquid crystal or other anisotropic material in the diffracting state of the diffractive state, based on prior measurements of diffraction efficiency as a function of wavelength and temperature. The switchable diffractive waveplates can be a switchable diffractive waveplate diffuser, a switchable cycloidal diffractive waveplate, and a switchable diffractive waveplate lens. An electronic controller can apply an electric potential to the switchable diffractive waveplate. Amplitudes of the electric potential can be determined from lookup tables such that diffraction efficiency at an operating wavelength and measured temperature is maximized. A communications channel can transfer the measured temperature from temperature measurement means to the electronic controller.

Disclosed are a terahertz signal generation apparatus and a terahertz signal generation method using the same. The terahertz signal generation apparatus includes first and second resonators configured to respectively output an optical signal of a first resonant frequency and an optical signal of a second resonant frequency from an optical signal input through a gain medium, an optical modulator configured to optically modulate the output optical signal of the second resonant frequency, an optical combiner configured to combine the CW optical signal of the first resonant frequency and the modulated optical signal of the second resonant frequency, and a signal generator configured to generate a terahertz signal using heterodyne beating between the CW optical signal of the first resonant frequency and the modulated optical signal of the second resonant frequency, wherein the first resonant frequency and the second resonant frequency are processed to have a predetermined frequency difference.