Exemplary embodiments provide materials and methods for an electrostatic charging member including a conductive substrate; a base layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the base layer comprising an elastomeric material and a semiconductive material; and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 10.sup.5 O/sq to about 10.sup.13 O/sq.

Provided an electrophotographic member capable of causing less fog in an H/H environment even when used in a torque-reduced image forming apparatus. The member comprises an electro-conductive substrate, an electro-conductive layer thereon and insulating parts, the member having a surface having an electrical insulating first region and an electro-conductive second region, the first region and the second region being adjacent to each other, a total area of the second region in a square region put on an outer surface of the member is 30% to 80% of an area of the square region; two or more of the 200 straight lines drawn in the square region at an interval of 5 m pass the second region at least once, and, the number of line segment LS having a length of 200 m or more is 5% or less of the total number of the line segment LS.

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.

The image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member configured to bear a toner image, the photosensitive member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin, and an intermediate transfer member configured to secondarily transfer the toner image having been primarily transferred from the photosensitive member onto a transfer material, the intermediate transfer member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin and having a ten-point average roughness Rz set within a range of 0.35 mRz1.5 m.

The image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member configured to bear a toner image, the photosensitive member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin, and an intermediate transfer member configured to secondarily transfer the toner image having been primarily transferred from the photosensitive member onto a transfer material, the intermediate transfer member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin and having a ten-point average roughness Rz set within a range of 0.35 mRz1.5 m.

The image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member configured to bear a toner image, the photosensitive member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin, and an intermediate transfer member configured to secondarily transfer the toner image having been primarily transferred from the photosensitive member onto a transfer material, the intermediate transfer member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin and having a ten-point average roughness Rz set within a range of 0.35 mRz1.5 m.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a cylindrical base body having a two-step stepped chamfer between a base body outer peripheral face and a base body end face; and a surface layer located on the base body outer peripheral face. The cylindrical base body has an outer chamfered face and an inner chamfered face lying closer to an end face than the outer chamfered face. A length L2 of the inner chamfered face is larger than a length L1 of the outer chamfered face, namely L1<L2, as viewed in lateral section taken along a rotation axis of the cylindrical base body.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, wherein when time that takes for a current value to reach the maximum after beginning of application of a square wave voltage to the electrophotographic photoreceptor is T.sub.1 and time that takes for the current value to reach the maximum after the beginning of the application of the square wave voltage and then decrease to one fifth of the maximum is T.sub.2, T.sub.2 is approximately from 3.2 to 11.0 times as large as T.sub.1.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, wherein when time that takes for a current value to reach the maximum after beginning of application of a square wave voltage to the electrophotographic photoreceptor is T.sub.1 and time that takes for the current value to reach the maximum after the beginning of the application of the square wave voltage and then decrease to one fifth of the maximum is T.sub.2, T.sub.2 is approximately from 3.2 to 11.0 times as large as T.sub.1.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a cylindrical base body having a two-step stepped chamfer between a base body outer peripheral face and a base body end face; and a surface layer located on the base body outer peripheral face. The cylindrical base body has an outer chamfered face and an inner chamfered face lying closer to an end face than the outer chamfered face. A length L2 of the inner chamfered face is larger than a length L1 of the outer chamfered face, namely L1<L2, as viewed in lateral section taken along a rotation axis of the cylindrical base body.