An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable photosensitive member, a charging member, an exposure unit, a developing member, a transfer member, and a pre-exposure unit. The pre-exposure unit exposes a surface of the photosensitive member after the toner image is transferred to the recording material and before being charged by the charging member. The pre-exposure unit includes a substrate disposed adjacent to one end of the photosensitive member with respect to a longitudinal direction of the photosensitive member, and in which a first light emitting element and a second light emitting element having directional characteristics narrower than that of the first light emitting element are mounted.

An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearing member, a charging member, a developing member, a transfer member, an exposure unit, and a controller. The controller executes a preparatory operation in which before an image forming operation, rotation of the image bearing member is started and a charging voltage and a developing voltage are increased stepwise. In the preparatory operation, the controller carries out control so as to start application of the charging voltage at a voltage value not less than a discharge start voltage of the charging member before a surface region of the image bearing member positioned in a developing portion at a time of a start of the rotation of the image bearing member reaches a charging portion in a state which a surface of the image bearing member is exposed to light by the exposure unit.

An image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit configured to form an image on a rotating photosensitive member to transfer the image on a recording medium, and a controller configured to control the image forming unit to form a test image and a scale correlated with a phase of the photosensitive member on a recording medium, acquire information related to a determination result, which is determined by a user based on the scale, of correspondence relationship between an uneven density of the test image and the phase of the photosensitive member, and control an uneven density in a rotating direction of the photosensitive member which occurs in the image formed by the image forming unit based on the information.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a developer bearing member, a driving unit, a latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic image having light area potential and a dark area potential, and an application unit that applies a developing bias. The driving unit drives the image bearing member and the developer bearing member in a first peripheral speed ratio and a second peripheral speed ratio larger than the first peripheral speed ratio. The image forming apparatus further includes an acquiring unit acquiring information related to a change in an electrostatic capacitance of the image bearing member and a determining unit determining a developing contrast according to the electrostatic capacitance. The determining unit determines the developing contrast based on the acquired information when the driving unit drives the image bearing member and the developer bearing member in the second peripheral speed ratio.

A charging roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The average of heights of contours of convex portions on a surface of the surface layer relative to an average cylindrical surface obtained by averaging surface irregularities of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 2.0 micrometers and is equal to or less than 8.4 micrometers. The average of intervals between apexes of the convex portions on the surface of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 6.7 micrometers and is equal to or less than 39.8 micrometers.

In an image forming apparatus, in a case where a power of the apparatus is turned from OFF to ON, a rotation drive unit rotationally drives each of a developing roller, a first conductive roller, and a second conductive roller in a state where a liquid developer supplied to a developer container by a supply device has reached a supply position, and a bias application unit applies a bias to each of the developing roller, the first conductive roller, and the second conductive roller after the developing roller rotates at least once, in the state where the liquid developer supplied to the developer container by the supply device has reached the supply position.

An electrophotographic apparatus having an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit, and a developing unit for forming a toner image on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the charging unit has a conductive member disposed to be contactable with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; a conductive layer at the surface of the conductive member has a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix; at least a portion of the domains is exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member; the outer surface of the conductive member is constituted of at least the matrix and the domains; a volume resistivity R1 of the matrix is greater than 1.00×10.sup.12 Ω.Math.cm; a volume resistivity R2 of the domains is smaller than R1; the developing unit contains the toner; and a dielectric loss tangent of the toner is at least 0.0027.

An image forming apparatus includes an image forming device, a fixing device, a high voltage power supply board, a main body housing and a door. The door is provided in the main body housing so as to face the fixing device. The fixing device includes a fixing member, a pressure roller, a charge applying device, a fixing housing and a contact member. The fixing member is rotatable. The charge applying device is applied with a voltage from the high voltage power supply board and applies a charge to the fixing member. The fixing housing stores the fixing member, the pressure roller and the charge applying device. The contact member is provided in the fixing housing at a position accessible by opening the door and to which a feed line on the high voltage power supply board side and a feed line on the charge applying device side are connected.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor, a charger, a detection unit, and a determination unit. The charger charges the photoconductor. The detection unit detects an actual charging potential of the photoconductor after the photoconductor is charged by the charger. The determination unit determines one of a plurality of causes related to a charging abnormality of the photoconductor based on a relationship between a standard charging potential of the photoconductor to be obtained by charging by the charger and a charging potential detected by the detection unit.

Providing a laminate having an excellent adhesiveness between a base layer and a surface layer while having a good flexibility. In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the laminate of the present disclosure comprises at least a base layer, an intermediate layer and a surface layer, wherein a base layer composition contains an urethane resin, an intermediate layer composition contains an energy ray curable resin having (meth)acryloyl group in a molecule thereof, and, a non-UV curable resin having only isocyanate group as reactive functional group, and a surface layer composition contains a UV curable resin having the (meth)acryloyl group in the molecule.