A control portion, by an image density sensor detecting density of reference images for image density correction formed by a plurality of image forming portions, adjusts a developing voltage and an exposure amount of an exposure device based on the detection result. The control portion, based on the density of the reference images detected by the image density sensor, sets a common developing voltage such that the densities of the reference images are equal to or higher than a target density in all of the two or more image forming portions among the plurality of image forming portions. The control portion, by adjusting a toner adhesion area ratio for image forming portions of the two or more image forming portions in which the densities of the reference images exceed the target density when a common developing voltage is set, adjusts the densities of the reference images to the target density.

An image forming apparatus includes: a photoconductor; an optical writer to write a latent image on the photoconductor; an image data generator to generate image data of at least one of text and image and of a correction pattern; a light emission controller to control a light source of the optical writer; a developing device to develop the latent image into a toner image; a transfer device to transfer the toner image onto a recording medium; a fixing device to fix the toner image thereon; a detector to detect the toner image of the correction pattern formed according to the image data; and a writing position controller to control when the light source emits light based on the toner image detected. The correction pattern is formed at each of four corners inside a margin of the recording medium, and includes two edges in each of main scanning and sub-scanning directions.

A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a cylindrical conductive support, a water-repellent resin film, a coating film, and a flange. The cylindrical conductive support has an end part having an inner circumferential surface having a surface roughness Rz of from 3 to 10 m. The water-repellent resin film is on the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support. The coating film is on an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical conductive support. The flange has a cylindrical fitting part having an outer circumferential surface secured to the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support.

A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a cylindrical conductive support, a water-repellent resin film, a coating film, and a flange. The cylindrical conductive support has an end part having an inner circumferential surface having a surface roughness Rz of from 3 to 10 m. The water-repellent resin film is on the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support. The coating film is on an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical conductive support. The flange has a cylindrical fitting part having an outer circumferential surface secured to the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor, an exposure device, and a shutter assembly. The exposure device includes a light source configured to expose the photoconductor. The light source is repositionable between a proximity position at a first distance from the photoconductor and a separation position at a second distance from the photoconductor. The first distance is less than the second distance. The shutter assembly is configured to move away from the light source in response to the light source moving toward the proximity position. The shutter assembly is configured to move to cover the optical path of the light source in response to the light source moving toward the separation position.

An electrophotographic device member R is used in an electrophotographic device. The electrophotographic device member R has a surface layer 1. The surface layer 1 has a matrix polymer 11 forming a skeleton of the surface layer 1 and a surface modifier 12 contained in the matrix polymer 11. The surface modifier 12 is composed of a copolymer containing, in its molecule, a first polymerization unit derived from a (meth)acrylate having a silicone group 121 and a second polymerization unit derived from a (meth)acrylate having a fluorine-containing group 122.

An electrophotographic device member R is used in an electrophotographic device. The electrophotographic device member R has a surface layer 1. The surface layer 1 has a matrix polymer 11 forming a skeleton of the surface layer 1 and a surface modifier 12 contained in the matrix polymer 11. The surface modifier 12 is composed of a copolymer containing, in its molecule, a first polymerization unit derived from a (meth)acrylate having a silicone group 121 and a second polymerization unit derived from a (meth)acrylate having a fluorine-containing group 122.

A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a cylindrical conductive support, a water-repellent resin film, a coating film, and a flange. The cylindrical conductive support has an end part having an inner circumferential surface having a surface roughness Rz of from 3 to 10 m. The water-repellent resin film is on the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support. The coating film is on an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical conductive support. The flange has a cylindrical fitting part having an outer circumferential surface secured to the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support.

An external photographic wireless communication device and related systems including an external photographic wireless communication device for connection to a camera body having a hot shoe connector for connecting to the camera body and a hot shoe connector for connecting to one or more accessory devices. The device includes a processor. The processor is connected to one or more of the contacts of the camera side hot shoe connector and to one or more of the contacts of the accessory side hot shoe connectors without the same contacts being directly connected to each other. The processor controls communication over the connections between the contacts.

An image forming apparatus includes a first image former that, after charging a first image holder, forms an image on the first image holder by attaching a developer onto the first image holder; a second image former that, after charging a second image holder, forms an image on the second image holder by attaching a developer onto the second image holder; and a processor that is configured to set, in accordance with information on at least one of the developer used on the first image former and the developer used on the second image former, a first charging condition of the first image former including a first frequency of the first image former and is configured to set a second charging condition serving as a charging condition of the second image former and including a second frequency different from the first frequency.