An ink film construction comprising: (a) a printing substrate; and (b) at least one ink film, fixedly adhered to a top surface of the printing substrate, the ink film having an upper film surface distal to the top surface of the substrate, wherein a surface concentration of nitrogen at the upper film surface exceeds a bulk concentration of nitrogen within the film, the bulk concentration measured at a depth of at least 30 nanometers below the upper film surface, and wherein a ratio of the surface concentration to the bulk concentration is at least 1.1 to 1.

An ink film construction comprising: (a) a printing substrate; and (b) at least one ink film, fixedly adhered to a top surface of the printing substrate, the ink film having an upper film surface distal to the top surface of the substrate, wherein a surface concentration of nitrogen at the upper film surface exceeds a bulk concentration of nitrogen within the film, the bulk concentration measured at a depth of at least 30 nanometers below the upper film surface, and wherein a ratio of the surface concentration to the bulk concentration is at least 1.1 to 1.

An intermediate transfer belt includes, on a surface in contact with a photosensitive drum and a cleaning blade, a plurality of grooves formed along a moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt in a width direction which intersects the moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt. Further, the intermediate transfer belt includes a plurality of first regions in which adjacent grooves in the width direction are arranged at a predetermined interval, and a second region which is positioned between the plurality of first regions and in which an interval between adjacent grooves in the width direction is different from the predetermined interval. The second region is arranged outside, in the width direction of the intermediate transfer belt, a range in which a patch toner is to be formed in concentration correction.

An intermediate transfer belt includes, on a surface in contact with a photosensitive drum and a cleaning blade, a plurality of grooves formed along a moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt in a width direction which intersects the moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt. Further, the intermediate transfer belt includes a plurality of first regions in which adjacent grooves in the width direction are arranged at a predetermined interval, and a second region which is positioned between the plurality of first regions and in which an interval between adjacent grooves in the width direction is different from the predetermined interval. The second region is arranged outside, in the width direction of the intermediate transfer belt, a range in which a patch toner is to be formed in concentration correction.

An ink film construction comprising: (a) a printing substrate; and (b) at least one ink film, fixedly adhered to a top surface of the printing substrate, the ink film having an upper film surface distal to the top surface of the substrate, wherein a surface concentration of nitrogen at the upper film surface exceeds a bulk concentration of nitrogen within the film, the bulk concentration measured at a depth of at least 30 nanometers below the upper film surface, and wherein a ratio of the surface concentration to the bulk concentration is at least 1.1 to 1.

An ink film construction comprising: (a) a printing substrate; and (b) at least one ink film, fixedly adhered to a top surface of the printing substrate, the ink film having an upper film surface distal to the top surface of the substrate, wherein a surface concentration of nitrogen at the upper film surface exceeds a bulk concentration of nitrogen within the film, the bulk concentration measured at a depth of at least 30 nanometers below the upper film surface, and wherein a ratio of the surface concentration to the bulk concentration is at least 1.1 to 1.

An endless intermediate transfer belt includes a substrate layer, and a surface layer to be disposed on the substrate layer. The surface layer is configured by a polymerized cured product of a radical polymerizable composition including a radical polymerizable monomer having a radical polymerizable functional group, an oxime ester-based photopolymerization initiator having a carbazole structure, and a metal oxide particle subjected to surface treatment. The radical polymerizable functional group corresponds to one or both of an acryloyl group and a methacryloyl group. The metal oxide particle subjected to surface treatment includes a metal oxide particle, and a substance for support, to be supported on a surface of the metal oxide particle.

The printing machine (1) comprises: a supporting structure (11); a thermal transfer assembly (20) movable in a predetermined horizontal direction (21) and comprising a rotatable motorized transfer roller (30) and heating means (70, 71) associated to the transfer roller (30), wherein the transfer roller (30) and the associated heating means (70, 71) are movable vertically towards and away from a path of the articles (A) to be printed; and supply means (2; 12-16, 33-40) arranged to advance a printing ribbon (N) which on a side facing the articles (A) carries at predetermined intervals images formed of a thermally transferable ink. The thermal transfer assembly (20) further comprises first and second deviation rollers (35, 36) whose axes of rotation are horizontal and substantially parallel to one another and to the axis of rotation (x) of the transfer roller (30). The deviation rollers (35, 36) are arranged one upstream and the other downstream of the transfer roller (30) on the path of the printing ribbon (N) and are displaceable vertically towards and away from said path of the articles (A). The printing machine (1) further comprises first and second motor means (43, 44) associated each with a respective deviation roller (35, 36), said first and second motor means (43, 44) being controllable independently of one another, whereby each of the deviation rollers (35, 36) is selectively displaceable vertically independently of the other one.

The printing machine (1) comprises: a supporting structure (11); a thermal transfer assembly (20) movable in a predetermined horizontal direction (21) and comprising a rotatable motorized transfer roller (30) and heating means (70, 71) associated to the transfer roller (30), wherein the transfer roller (30) and the associated heating means (70, 71) are movable vertically towards and away from a path of the articles (A) to be printed; and supply means (2; 12-16, 33-40) arranged to advance a printing ribbon (N) which on a side facing the articles (A) carries at predetermined intervals images formed of a thermally transferable ink. The thermal transfer assembly (20) further comprises first and second deviation rollers (35, 36) whose axes of rotation are horizontal and substantially parallel to one another and to the axis of rotation (x) of the transfer roller (30). The deviation rollers (35, 36) are arranged one upstream and the other downstream of the transfer roller (30) on the path of the printing ribbon (N) and are displaceable vertically towards and away from said path of the articles (A). The printing machine (1) further comprises first and second motor means (43, 44) associated each with a respective deviation roller (35, 36), said first and second motor means (43, 44) being controllable independently of one another, whereby each of the deviation rollers (35, 36) is selectively displaceable vertically independently of the other one.

A method of operating an electrophotographic printer (100) to control the optical density of a printed image is described. The method comprises providing a printing substance on a transfer member (104); emitting a pulse of heat to heat the printing substance on the transfer member to increase flowability of the printing substance on the transfer member; and transfer-ring, from the transfer member to a substrate (108), the printing substance heated by the pulse of heat so as to provide the printed image on the substrate.