An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and an at-least-one-layer photosensitive layer including a specific photosensitive layer. The specific photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, an electron transport material, and a hole transport material. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin includes repeating units (1), (2), (3), and (4).

##STR00001##

A percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit (3) relative to a total number of repeats of the repeating units (1) and (3) is greater than 0% and less than 50%. A percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit (4) relative to a total number of repeats of the repeating units (2) and (4) is at least 35% and less than 70%. The electron transport material includes a compound represented by formula (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), or (17):

##STR00002##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer on the support, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a polymerization product of a composition containing polyrotaxane and a charge transporting substance, and the polymerization product including a bond between the polyrotaxane and the charge transporting substance.

An image forming apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer, a charging unit that forms an electrostatic image on an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a developing unit that supplies a toner to the electrostatic image to form a toner image, and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image on a transfer medium. In this image forming apparatus, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a binder resin (A) having a specific structure and silica particles, and the wax contains a specific monoester compound.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a feature in that, in a graph that is obtained by a method of measuring an EV curve, and that has a horizontal axis representing I and a vertical axis representing V, when V at I=0.500 [μJ/cm.sup.2] is represented by V.sub.r [V], a maximum value of S [V.Math.μJ/cm.sup.2] represented by S=I.Math.(V−V.sub.r) in a range of I=0.000 to 0.030 [μJ/cm.sup.2] is represented by S.sub.max [V.Math.μJ/cm.sup.2], and a product of a light amount I.sub.i [μJ/cm.sup.2] on the horizontal axis and a potential V.sub.i[V] on the vertical axis at a point of intersection between an approximate straight line in a range of I=0.000 to 0.010 [μJ/cm.sup.2] and an approximate straight line in a range of I=0.490 to 0.500 [μJ/cm.sup.2] is represented by S.sub.i=I.sub.i.Math.(V.sub.i−V.sub.r) [V.Math.μJ/cm.sup.2], a ratio of S.sub.i to S.sub.max, which is represented by AR=S.sub.i/S.sub.max, satisfies AR≤0.10.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a polyester resin (1) having a dicarboxylic acid unit (A) represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit (B) represented by Formula (B), and a charge transport material, and in a case where a weight-average molecular weight Mw of the polyester resin (1) contained in the charge transport layer is defined as A (10,000), a value of a ratio M1/M2 of a mass M1 of the charge transport material contained in the charge transport layer to a mass M2 of the charge transport layer is defined as Cs, and an average thickness of the charge transport layer is defined as Ds (μm), expressions of 5≤A≤40, 0.28≤Cs≤0.55, 27≤Ds≤50, and 2.5≤(A×Ds)/(Cs×100)≤70.0 are satisfied.

##STR00001##

In Formula (A), n.sup.1 represents 1, 2, or 3, n.sup.1 number of m.sup.1's each independently represent 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, m.sup.1 number of Ra.sup.1's each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.

In Formula (B), Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, Rb.sup.3, Rb.sup.4, Rb.sup.5, Rb.sup.6, Rb.sup.7, Rb.sup.8, Rb.sup.9, and Rb.sup.10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge-generating layer, a first hole-transporting layer, and a second hole-transporting layer, wherein the second hole-transporting layer contains a hole-transportable compound represented by the formula (1) (mass: W1, energy value of the highest occupied molecular orbital: CTM1HOMO), and a hole-transportable compound represented by the formula (2) (mass: W2) and/or a hole-transportable compound represented by the formula (3) (mass: W3) (energy value of the highest occupied molecular orbital: CTM2HOMO), wherein a value calculated from the expression (I) is from 0.05% by mass to 5.0% by mass, and wherein the expression (II) is satisfied: (W2+W3)/(W1+W2+W3)×100 (% by mass)—Expression (I); and 0.05 (eV)≤|CTM2HOMO|-|CTM1HOMO|≤0.30 (eV)—(II).

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that allows positive ghost to be reduced even in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member wherein an undercoat layer contains a polymerization product of a composition including a compound represented by the following formula (1). ##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of suppressing a ghost image. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in this order: a support; an intermediate layer containing metal oxide particles; and a photosensitive layer, in which the intermediate layer contains at least one kind of compound X selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (1) and a compound represented by the formula (2).

##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material and a polyester resin, and a mass proportion of a chemical substance (AA) represented by Formula (AA) in a total mass of the charge transport layer is 2,000 ppm or less.

##STR00001##

In Formula (AA), X represents an organic group, and m.sup.AA represents an integer.

An image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes an electroconductive substrate, an undercoat layer which is provided on the electroconductive substrate and has electrostatic capacitance per unit area of from 2.5×10.sup.−11 F/cm.sup.2 to 2.5×10.sup.−10 F/cm.sup.2, and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoat layer; a charging unit; an electrostatic latent image forming unit; a developing unit; an intermediate transfer member; a primary transfer unit that primarily transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, onto the surface of an intermediate transfer member, while providing a primary transfer current value of from 80 μA to 160 μA; and a secondary transfer unit that secondarily transfers the toner image transferred onto the surface of the intermediate transfer member, onto a surface of a recording medium.