In order to improve the adaptability of diagnosis of an operating state of a field device, a field device 10 according to the present disclosure has a diagnoser 17 configured to diagnose an operating state of the field device 10 by hierarchically implementing a plurality of diagnostic processes. The diagnoser 17 can select whether to enable or disable a diagnostic result of at least one diagnostic process of a plurality of diagnostic processes in a diagnostic process after the one diagnostic process.

In order to improve the adaptability of diagnosis of an operating state of a field device, a field device 10 according to the present disclosure has a diagnoser 17 configured to diagnose an operating state of the field device 10 by hierarchically implementing a plurality of diagnostic processes. The diagnoser 17 can select whether to enable or disable a diagnostic result of at least one diagnostic process of a plurality of diagnostic processes in a diagnostic process after the one diagnostic process.

A Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) device comprises an evaluator circuit that receives a temperature signal, where the evaluator circuit compares the received temperature signal to a lower threshold value and an upper threshold value, and where the evaluator circuit generates an evaluation signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value; and a loading circuit that receives the evaluation signal, where the loading circuit generates a first pre-set output signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value, and wherein the loading circuit generates a second pre-set output signal when the temperature signal is not between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value, such that the MEMS device functions as a 2-wire electronic sense circuit providing both an indication state and deriving power from an external two-wire sense circuit.

A Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) device comprises an evaluator circuit that receives a temperature signal, where the evaluator circuit compares the received temperature signal to a lower threshold value and an upper threshold value, and where the evaluator circuit generates an evaluation signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value; and a loading circuit that receives the evaluation signal, where the loading circuit generates a first pre-set output signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value, and wherein the loading circuit generates a second pre-set output signal when the temperature signal is not between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value, such that the MEMS device functions as a 2-wire electronic sense circuit providing both an indication state and deriving power from an external two-wire sense circuit.

A method for identifying underperforming agents in a multi-agent cooperative system includes receiving information relating to the performance of each agent in the multi-agent system, calculating an estimated extracted resource value of each agent based on the received information, comparing the estimated extracted resource value of each agent to a threshold value, calculating a performance index based on the comparison and identifying an agent as an under-performing agent based on the performance index. A system for identifying under-performing agents in a plurality of agents in a multi-agent cooperative system includes a performance analyzing processor, a communications port for receiving state information for each agent and control information for each agent, a classifier for identifying a subset of agents in the plurality of agents that are performance comparable and an optimizer configured to identify an under-performing agent of performance comparable agents and generate updated control information for the identified under-performing agent.

An inhalation device controller includes a holding portion configured to hold an atomizer including a heater configured to heat an aerosol source, a power supply unit configured to supply power to the heater of the atomizer attached to the holding portion, an amplifier to which a voltage according to a voltage of a node on a current path configured to supply the power to the heater is input, and a processor configured to acquire information from the amplifier and execute control according to the information. A first range that a value of the information takes in a holding state in which the holding portion holds the atomizer and a second range that the value of the information takes in a non-holding state in which the holding portion does not hold the atomizer do not include ranges overlapping each other.

An inhalation device controller includes a holding portion configured to hold an atomizer including a heater configured to heat an aerosol source, a power supply unit configured to supply power to the heater of the atomizer attached to the holding portion, an amplifier to which a voltage according to a voltage of a node on a current path configured to supply the power to the heater is input, and a processor configured to acquire information from the amplifier and execute control according to the information. A first range that a value of the information takes in a holding state in which the holding portion holds the atomizer and a second range that the value of the information takes in a non-holding state in which the holding portion does not hold the atomizer do not include ranges overlapping each other.

An automatic monitoring system for a medical treatment device helps to ensure that an a medical treatment device operated at a treatment location away from a clinic is preformed safely. The monitoring system may verify that an assistant is present during treatment of the patient. Among the features disclosed biometric authentication to verify that a trained assistant is present, a presence detector to ensure the assistant is continuously present during treatment, and warning and recovery processes that allow intermittent lapses in the continuous presence of the assistant. The treatment device also communicates with a remote server or terminal.

An automatic monitoring system for a medical treatment device helps to ensure that an a medical treatment device operated at a treatment location away from a clinic is preformed safely. The monitoring system may verify that an assistant is present during treatment of the patient. Among the features disclosed biometric authentication to verify that a trained assistant is present, a presence detector to ensure the assistant is continuously present during treatment, and warning and recovery processes that allow intermittent lapses in the continuous presence of the assistant. The treatment device also communicates with a remote server or terminal.

A customer service document with an electrical data storage device is provided to deliver customer service information in a secured manner. The data storage device is attached to the customer service document and configured to contain information to be transferred to a customer's data reading device via short-range communication once the data reading device is authenticated. The transferred information can be used by the data reading device in various applications without identity theft concerns.