A discharge system includes a mixing vessel and a feedstock input in fluid communication with the mixing vessel. A solvent input is in fluid communication with the mixing vessel. A discharge output is in fluid communication with an outlet of the mixing vessel to discharge effluent. A method for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a discharge system includes supplying a mixing vessel with feedstock fluid and solvent fluid to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel. The method includes supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a nozzle extending from a first end of the mixing vessel to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture and permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture.

A discharge system includes a mixing vessel and a feedstock input in fluid communication with the mixing vessel. A solvent input is in fluid communication with the mixing vessel. A discharge output is in fluid communication with an outlet of the mixing vessel to discharge effluent. A method for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a discharge system includes supplying a mixing vessel with feedstock fluid and solvent fluid to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel. The method includes supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a nozzle extending from a first end of the mixing vessel to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture and permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture.

In a seawater leakage detection device in a feedwater system, a method for detecting seawater leakage in a feedwater system, and a steam turbine plant, an ammonia addition device configured to add ammonia as a pH adjusting agent to feedwater at an upstream side of a high-pressure drum in a feedwater line, an acid electrical conductivity meter configured to measure an acid electrical conductivity of drum water in the high-pressure drum, and a control device configured to control the ammonia addition device such that a pH value of drum water in the heat recovery steam generator expresses alkalinity equal to or greater than a preset predetermined value, calculate a chlorine ion concentration of drum water on the basis of the acid electrical conductivity measured by the acid electrical conductivity meter, and determine whether leakage of seawater is detected are provided.

A method for preparing an aqueous solution of a defined pH comprising an acid, a base and optionally one or more additives is provided. The method comprises the steps of:

a) calculating the theoretical concentrations of acid and base for the solution to have the defined pH using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation in combination with the Debye Huckel theory for a range of different additive concentrations; b) preparing a sample of the buffer for the range of additive concentrations and measuring the actual pH for each additive concentration; c) calculating a value for delta pH, pH, being the difference between the theoretical pH and the actual pH, for each additive concentration; d) generating a mathematical model describing the relationship of pH with additive concentration; e) selecting the defined pH and additive concentrations; f) using the mathematical model generated in step d) to calculate pH for the defined pH and additive concentration; g) calculating a pH-corrected pH by summing the defined pH and delta pH; h) using the pH-corrected pH to calculate the concentrations of acid and base using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation in combination with the Debye Huckel theory; i) preparing the solution using the concentrations calculated in step h).

A method for preparing an aqueous solution of a defined pH comprising an acid, a base and optionally one or more additives is provided. The method comprises the steps of:

a) calculating the theoretical concentrations of acid and base for the solution to have the defined pH using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation in combination with the Debye Huckel theory for a range of different additive concentrations; b) preparing a sample of the buffer for the range of additive concentrations and measuring the actual pH for each additive concentration; c) calculating a value for delta pH, pH, being the difference between the theoretical pH and the actual pH, for each additive concentration; d) generating a mathematical model describing the relationship of pH with additive concentration; e) selecting the defined pH and additive concentrations; f) using the mathematical model generated in step d) to calculate pH for the defined pH and additive concentration; g) calculating a pH-corrected pH by summing the defined pH and delta pH; h) using the pH-corrected pH to calculate the concentrations of acid and base using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation in combination with the Debye Huckel theory; i) preparing the solution using the concentrations calculated in step h).

Provided herein are methods and systems of the invention that include the use of an automated solution dispenser to form a solution according to at least one target characteristic. A controller may be operatively connected to the automated solution dispenser, wherein the controller is programmed to direct mixing of one or more solids and one or more liquids to produce the solution. At least a portion of the solution can be dispensed into one or more containers.

Provided herein are methods and systems of the invention that include the use of an automated solution dispenser to form a solution according to at least one target characteristic. A controller may be operatively connected to the automated solution dispenser, wherein the controller is programmed to direct mixing of one or more solids and one or more liquids to produce the solution. At least a portion of the solution can be dispensed into one or more containers.

The present invention relates to the preparation of liquid mixtures, and more particularly to the preparation of a liquid mixture, such as a buffer, wherein the conductivity of the liquid mixture is measured and the pH indirectly determined if the buffer concentration is known. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing a liquid mixture with a predetermined pH value by using conductivity as feedback control parameter.

The present invention relates to the preparation of liquid mixtures, and more particularly to the preparation of a liquid mixture, such as a buffer, wherein the conductivity of the liquid mixture is measured and the pH indirectly determined if the buffer concentration is known. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing a liquid mixture with a predetermined pH value by using conductivity as feedback control parameter.

Methods and apparatus for a short-term wash treatment used in a food-processing system are provided. One example control system includes an interface configured to receive one or more first sensor signals from the food-processing system; and a processing system coupled to the interface and configured to determine, based on the one or more first sensor signals, to reduce an intensity of the short-term wash treatment; generate a first control signal to cause an increase in a pH of the short-term wash treatment in response to the determination; and control application of the short-term wash treatment with the increased pH to a product in the food-processing system. Further the system may include a human machine interface (HMI) configured to display information from the processing system to a user.