A method is provided for determining a state of a distillation column having multiple column stages for separating a feed fluid stream into individual fluid components. The state is determined by means of a model in a manner dependent on pressure differences prevailing between adjacent column stages. In the model, both gaseous and liquid flows between adjacent column stages are brought about by the pressure differences prevailing between adjacent column stages. A substance quantity flow characterizing gaseous flow between two column stages is given by {dot over (N)}.sub.V.Math.R.sub.V=C.sub.V.Math.Δp.sub.V. A substance quantity flow characterizing liquid flow between two column stages is given by {dot over (N)}.sub.L.Math.R.sub.L=C.sub.L.Math.Δp.sub.L. Δp.sub.V,L is a total pressure difference between two adjacent column stages. R.sub.V,L is a coefficient of resistance between two adjacent column stages and C.sub.V,L is a conductance value of flow between two adjacent column stages.

A computer-implemented method for simulation of an electrical circuit with circuit components by at least one computing unit includes mapping a coupling of the substate representations in a coupling equation system for exchange of calculated coupling variables between the subcircuits. The method also includes calculating, in an evaluation step, at least one stability parameter on a basis of the coupling equation system, and deciding, in a selection step and depending on the at least one calculated stability parameter, whether the current separation of the electrical circuit into subcircuits will be used as the basis of the simulation. The method further includes performing, after a successful selection, the simulation of the electrical circuit by calculating the substate space representations on the at least one computing unit.

Methods and apparatus for vaporizing liquid into the surrounding environment, including directing liquid from a liquid source to a vaporization port where the vaporization port has lateral dimensions varying from 10 um to 300 um, applying heat to the liquid in the vaporization port with an at least one heating element located in thermal communication to the vaporization port, and releasing vaporized liquid from the vaporization port into the surrounding environment so that fluid is transported through the depth of the structure.

A device for creating a fragment model from a crystal model is equipped with a division position identifying section adapted for identifying multiple division atom pairs for multiple atoms contained in the crystal model. The atoms in the division atom pairs are contained in different fragment models. The device is additionally equipped with a model creating section adapted for identifying each of multiple atom groups each composed of atoms bonded to each other in the crystal model and for creating fragment models respectively corresponding to the identified atom groups.

Systems, methods, and apparatuses for improving future reliability prediction of a measurable system by receiving operational and performance data, such as maintenance expense data, first principle data, and asset reliability data via an input interface associated with the measurable system. A plurality of category values may be generated that categorizes the maintenance expense data by a designated interval using a maintenance standard that is generated from one or more comparative analysis models associated with the measurable system. The estimated future reliability of the measurable system is determined based on the asset reliability data and the plurality of category values and the results of the future reliability are displayed on an output interface.

Improved reservoir simulation methods and systems are provided that employ a new velocity model in conjunction with a sequential implicit (SI) formulation or Sequential Fully Implicit (SF) formulation for solving the discrete form of the system of nonlinear partial differential equations. In embodiments, the new velocity model employs a fluid transport equation part based on calculation of phase velocity for a number of fluid phases that involves capillary pressure and a modification coefficient. In embodiments, the modification coefficient can be based on a derivative of capillary pressure with respect to saturation. In another aspect, the new velocity model can employ an estimate of the phase velocity of the water phase v.sub.w_est that is based on one or more derivatives of capillary pressure of the water phase as a function of water saturation.

A method for dynamically assessing slope safety includes the following steps: S1, carrying out geologic model generalization to the slope according to slope type, slope structure, stratum characteristics and a deformation failure mode to obtain a slope geologic model, creating a slope geometric model according to the slope geologic model, carrying out the subdivision of computational grid, and selecting a reasonable numerical simulation method, mechanical constitutive and initial boundary value conditions to form a computational model; and S2, adjusting stratum parameters, structural plane parameters and activating factor strength based on the computational model, carrying out a large amount of numerical simulation, summarizing results of the numerical simulation, normalizing input quantities and output quantities to establish machine learning samples. The method is able to dynamically adjust the geomechanical input parameters by using the monitoring data, making the prediction accuracy further higher, and can further achieve the real-time prediction.

A method for determining an electrical model of a string of photovoltaic modules from a characteristic I(V) of the string includes detecting a first linear zone and a second linear zone of the characteristic I(V); initialising the parameters of a non-by-pass electrical model corresponding to a first operating condition, called a non-by-pass condition; optimising the parameters of the non-by-pass electrical model from a reference characteristic I(V.sub.ref) equal to I(V), determining the parameters of the electrical model corresponding to a second operating condition, called a by-pass condition, in order to obtain a by-pass electrical model from the characteristic determining, from the characteristic I(V) the best model among the non-by-pass model and the by-pass model.

The invention provides a method and a device for judging the printability of food materials, and the method includes the following: acquire the plasticity of the food materials to be judged; acquire the measured values of each of the influencing factors of the 3D printing effect of food materials to be judged; and acquire the first correlation value between the plasticity and each of the influencing factors and the second correlation value between each of the influencing factors; in addition, acquire the maximum influencing factor of the 3D printing effect of food materials to be judged, and normalize the measured values according to the measured value of the maximum influencing factor and the second correlation value; what's more, construct a judging model. And the invention can accurately judge the printability of the same food materials under different conditions by specific numerical values.

A gas diffusion simulation method for simulating diffusion of a gas in a porous material having many pores, the method includes: calculating, in the pores, a Knudsen diffusion coefficient based on the mean square displacement of first gas particles in spaces surrounded by wall surfaces and a Knudsen diffusion term using the Knudsen diffusion coefficient, calculating an interdiffusion term using an interdiffusion coefficient between the first gas particles and second gas particles different therefrom, and performing simulation of the gas diffusion of the first gas particles by using a diffusion equation of the first gas particles represented by the sum of the Knudsen diffusion term and the interdiffusion term.