A method of forming a vertical transistor includes forming a fin structure on a substrate, forming a gate structure on the fin structure, and forming a bottom source/drain (S/D) region on the fin structure, such that an air gap is formed between the bottom S/D region and the gate structure.

An information processing apparatus, backup method, and program product that enable efficient differential backup. In one embodiment, an information processing apparatus for files stored in a storage device includes: a metadata management unit for managing metadata of files stored in the storage device; a map generation unit for generating a map which indicates whether metadata associated with an identification value uniquely identifying a file in the storage device is present or absent; and a backup management unit for scanning the metadata to detect files that have been created, modified, or deleted since the last backup, and storing at least a data block and the metadata for a detected file in a backup storage device as backup information in association with the identification value.

Described are methods, systems and computer readable media for performance logging of complex query operations.

Described in detail herein is a method of copying data of one or more virtual machines being hosted by one or more non-virtual machines. The method includes receiving an indication that specifies how to perform a copy of data of one or more virtual machines hosted by one or more virtual machine hosts. The method may include determining whether the one or more virtual machines are managed by a virtual machine manager that manages or facilitates management of the virtual machines. If so, the virtual machine manager is dynamically queried to automatically determine the virtual machines that it manages or that it facilitates management of. If not, a virtual machine host is dynamically queried to automatically determine the virtual machines that it hosts. The data of each virtual machine is then copied according to the specifications of the received indication.

Multiple data paths may be available to a data management system for transferring data between a primary storage device and a secondary storage device. The data management system may be able to gain operational advantages by performing load balancing across the multiple data paths. The system may use application layer characteristics of the data for transferring from a primary storage to a backup storage during data backup operation, and correspondingly from a secondary or backup storage system to a primary storage system during restoration.

One example method includes optimizing client-side deduplication. When backing up a client, an overwrite ratio is determined based on a size of actual changes made to a volume and a size indicated by changes in a change log. Client-side deduplication is enabled or disabled based on a value of the overwrite ratio.

Example implementations disclosed herein can be used to build, maintain, and use a hash table distributed across the plurality multiple nodes in a multi-node computing system. The hash table can include data pages associated by corresponding pointers according to a tree data structure. The data pages include leaf data pages. Each leaf data page can be associated with a corresponding hash value and include a tag bitmap. When a transaction associated with a key is executed, a hash value and a tag value are generated based on the key. The leaf data pages can be searched using the hash value. A probability that a leaf data page includes the key can be determined based on a comparison tag value with the tag bitmap.

Described are methods, systems and computer readable media for data source refreshing.

An illustrative method for storing disaster recovery data includes receiving a plurality of copies of data stored by a first memory device. Each of the plurality of copies includes a plurality of blocks of data. The method also includes storing, in a second memory device, the plurality of copies in an object-oriented format, determining, using recovery time objectives, a number of the plurality of copies to be stored in a block-oriented format, and selecting a subset of the plurality of copies having the determined number of the plurality of copies. The method further includes assigning each of the other copies of the plurality of copies to one of a plurality of clusters. Each cluster of the plurality of clusters includes one of the subset of the plurality of copies. The method also includes determining, for each cluster, a copy having a highest number of blocks also present in the other copies of the cluster and storing, in the block-oriented format, the determined copy from each cluster in a third memory device.

Described in detail herein are systems and methods for single instancing blocks of data in a data storage system. For example, the data storage system may include multiple computing devices (e.g., client computing devices) that store primary data. The data storage system may also include a secondary storage computing device, a single instance database, and one or more storage devices that store copies of the primary data (e.g., secondary copies, tertiary copies, etc.). The secondary storage computing device receives blocks of data from the computing devices and accesses the single instance database to determine whether the blocks of data are unique (meaning that no instances of the blocks of data are stored on the storage devices). If a block of data is unique, the single instance database stores it on a storage device. If not, the secondary storage computing device can avoid storing the block of data on the storage devices.