Methods and systems for security, authentication, tagging, and tracking using nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules encoding information. Unique nucleic acid molecules are efficiently produced from pre-fabricated fragments to quickly produce libraries of nucleic acid molecules encoding encrypted or randomized information. Physical objects or artifacts can be tagged with libraries to authenticate the objects, grant access to secured assets or locations, or track the objects or entities. Chemical methods can be applied to verify authenticity, decrypt, or decode information stored in the libraries.

Sequential assembly of oligonucleotide hairpins is used to create oligonucleotides that encode a specific sequence of arbitrary information. Each oligonucleotide hairpin includes a payload region in the loop region of the hairpin. The payload region encodes arbitrary information such as a binary digit. Overhang regions on the oligonucleotide hairpins hybridize to anchor strands attached to a substrate. The hybridized oligonucleotide hairpins are covalently attached to the anchor strands by ligase. Invading strands are used to open the hairpin structures by also hybridizing to the anchor strand and displacing the double-stranded stem region of the hairpin. This process is repeated with another oligonucleotide hairpin that hybridizes to the end of the previously added oligonucleotide hairpin. A microelectrode array may be used to control the location of hybridization and create multiple different oligonucleotides in parallel. Fully assembled oligonucleotides may be separated from the substrate and stored or otherwise processed.

A system and method for interfacing a computing device with in vitro biological neurons is described. In one embodiment, a method of interfacing with a plurality of in vitro biological neurons, comprises: generating, by a processing device, a first tensor indicative of a state of a virtual environment; encoding the first tensor into an instruction; generating first signals according to the instruction using a first plurality of electrodes, one or more chemical emitters or one or more light sources; detecting second signals by a second plurality of electrodes, one or more chemical sensors or one or more image sensors, the second signals having been generated by one or more of the plurality of in vitro biological neurons, wherein the second signals represent an action associated with the virtual environment; decoding the second signals into a second tensor; and applying the action to the virtual environment based on the second tensor.

A biological computing platform may include a multielectrode array (MEA) connected to a computing device. The MEA may include a 2D grid of excitation sites, biological neurons disposed on the MEA, a processing device to apply a plurality of impulses at excitation sites having coordinates on the 2D grid, and one or more sensors to measure electrical signals output by one or more of the biological neurons at coordinates of the 2D grid, wherein the processing device is to receive the electrical signals from the one or more sensors and generate a representation of the electrical signals. The computing device may be programmed to receive a digital input signal, convert the digital input signal into instructions for the plurality of impulses, send the instructions to the MEA, receive the representation of the electrical signals from the MEA, and process the representation of the electrical signals.

Disclosed herein are designed heterodimer proteins, monomeric polypeptides capable of forming heterodimer proteins, protein scaffolds including such polypeptides, and methods for using the heterodimer proteins and subunit polypeptides for designing logic gates.

A system and method for interfacing a computing device with in vitro biological neurons is described. In one embodiment, a method of interfacing with a plurality of in vitro biological neurons, comprises: generating, by a processing device, a first tensor indicative of a state of a virtual environment; encoding the first tensor into an instruction; generating first signals according to the instruction using a first plurality of electrodes, one or more chemical emitters or one or more light sources; detecting second signals by a second plurality of electrodes, one or more chemical sensors or one or more image sensors, the second signals having been generated by one or more of the plurality of in vitro biological neurons, wherein the second signals represent an action associated with the virtual environment; decoding the second signals into a second tensor; and applying the action to the virtual environment based on the second tensor.

Disclosed herein are designed heterodimer proteins, monomeric polypeptides capable of forming heterodimer proteins, protein scaffolds including such polypeptides, and methods for using the heterodimer proteins and subunit polypeptides for designing logic gates.

A Biological Neural Network (BNN) core unit comprising a neural cell culture, an input stimulation unit, an output readout unit may be controlled through its various life cycles to provide data processing functionality. An automation system comprising an environmental and chemical controller unit adapted to operate with the BNN stimulation and readout data interfaces facilitates the monitoring and adaptation of the BNN core unit parameters. Pre-processing and post-processing of the BNN interface signals may further facilitate the training and reinforcement learning by the BNN. Multiple BNN core units may also be assembled together as a stack. The proposed system provides a BNN Operating System as a core component for a wetware server to receive, process and transmit data for different client applications without exposing the BNN core unit components to the client user while requiring significantly less energy than conventional silicon-based hardware and software information processing for high-level cognitive computing tasks.

The present invention provides biological computing systems comprising computing units that process input signals to produce an output signal. In particular, the computing units include, for example, cells and proteins that function to convert biological signals into a discernable output that provides information about a biological sample. Further provided are methods of using such biological computing systems, such as for the diagnosis of various diseases and conditions.

Data storage is provided using double-stranded nucleic acid molecules provided on a thermal control device comprising a plurality of sites and temperature control circuitry to independently control a temperature of each of the plurality of sites. The temperature control circuitry, controls the site temperatures to provide a different temperature at a target site compared to other sites of the plurality of sites. The different temperatures at the target site and the other sites provide a greater probability of a read or write operation acting on the target site compared to the other sites. The temperature-based addressing helps to increase physical storage density.