A quantum-attack resistant operating system for use in a key management mechanism which is a full solution of cyber-security for quantum transmission via optical paths, in order to detect and bypass quantum computing attacks, or to perform quantum counterattacks, during various procedures of quantum key managements; wherein the system avoids the attacks of key tampering, destroying, detecting, and blocking, from other quantum systems in a quantum key storage phase; meanwhile, it also avoids the sniffing from other quantum systems on key entangled properties, in a quantum key clearing phase; in addition, in a quantum key recycling phase, facing quantum computing attacks, it not only can disrupt the judgement of other systems on key verification, but also consumes the computing resources on the attacker side; thereby the present invention provides a protection mechanism which cannot be achieved by a conventional PQC (Post-quantum cryptography) solution.

Performing quantum file copying is disclosed herein. In one example, upon receiving a request to copy a source quantum file comprising a plurality of source qubits, a quantum file manager accesses a quantum file registry record identifying the plurality of source qubits and a location of each of the plurality of source qubits. The quantum file manager next allocates a plurality of target qubits equal in number to the plurality of source qubits, and copies data stored by each of the source qubits into a corresponding target qubit. The quantum file manager then generates a target quantum file registry record that identifies the plurality of target qubits and their locations. In some examples, a quantum file move operation may be performed by deleting the source quantum file after the copy operation, and updating the target quantum file registry record with the same quantum file identifier as the source quantum file.

Embodiments of the present specification provide a quantum chip controller, a quantum computing processing system, and an electronic apparatus. The quantum chip controller includes: an instruction execution unit for executing a quantum instruction to generate a quantum event and its corresponding time point; and a quantum chip queue control unit including: an event queue for storing a quantum event to be executed, a time queue for storing a time point corresponding to the quantum event to be executed, and a time counter for counting time, wherein when time being counted in the time counter is equal to a time point in the time queue, a quantum event corresponding to the time point is read out from the event queue and is to be executed by a quantum chip, and wherein the time counter includes an enabling control section for controlling starting and pausing of counting of the time counter.

Embodiments of the present specification provide a quantum chip controller, a quantum computing processing system, and an electronic apparatus. The quantum chip controller includes: an instruction execution unit for executing a quantum instruction to generate a quantum event and its corresponding time point; and a quantum chip queue control unit including: an event queue for storing a quantum event to be executed, a time queue for storing a time point corresponding to the quantum event to be executed, and a time counter for counting time, wherein when time being counted in the time counter is equal to a time point in the time queue, a quantum event corresponding to the time point is read out from the event queue and is to be executed by a quantum chip, and wherein the time counter includes an enabling control section for controlling starting and pausing of counting of the time counter.

A quantum computing service includes connections to multiple quantum hardware providers that are configured to execute quantum circuits using quantum computers based on different quantum technologies. The quantum computing service enables a customer to define a quantum algorithm/circuit in an intermediate representation and select from any of a plurality of supported quantum computing technologies to be used to execute the quantum algorithm/quantum circuit.

A quantum computing service includes connections to multiple quantum hardware providers that are configured to execute quantum circuits using quantum computers based on different quantum technologies. The quantum computing service enables a customer to define a quantum algorithm/circuit in an intermediate representation and select from any of a plurality of supported quantum computing technologies to be used to execute the quantum algorithm/quantum circuit.

A user interface (UI), data structures and algorithms facilitate programming, analyzing, debugging, embedding, and/or modifying problems that are embedded or to be embedded on an analog processor (e.g., quantum processor), increasing computational efficiency and/or accuracy of problem solutions. The UI provides graph representations (e.g., source graph, target graph and correspondence therebetween) with nodes and edges which may map to hardware components (e.g., qubits, couplers) of the analog processor. Characteristics of solutions are advantageously represented spatially associated (e.g., overlaid or nested) with characteristics of a problem. Characteristics (e.g., bias state) may be represented by color, pattern, values, icons. Issues (e.g., broken chains) may be detected and alerts provided. Problem representations may be modified via the UI, and a computer system may autonomously generate new instances of the problem representation, update data structures, embed the new instance and cause the new instance to be executed by the analog processor.

Apparatus and method for actively mitigating coherent errors by modifying an original quantum circuit, inserting Clifford gate operations at intermediate stages. Embodiments of the apparatus and method may perform CGI statically, at the compiling stage, and/or dynamically, at the control processing stage. The insertion of Clifford gates takes advantage of the symmetries in a quantum circuit and actively cancels coherent errors, maintaining the quantum processor in a state as close as possible to the original tune-up environment.

A method for solving a problem using a quantum oracle may include a classical computer program: selecting an implementation for a problem from one or more different implementations in a dictionary of implementations; preparing the implementation using bounds on a quantum circuit to solve the problem and encoding input data for the problem into a quantum state; selecting an oracle to monitor and measure the quantum state based on the implementation, wherein the oracle identifies a pattern of interest in the quantum state; transpiling the prepared implementation and the oracle into a set of machine-readable instructions; sending the set of machine-readable instructions to a quantum computer, wherein the quantum computer executes the set of machine-readable instructions and returns an array of results, the array of results representing measurements of the quantum state using the oracle; and analyzing the array of results and outputting the analysis.

A method for solving a problem using a quantum oracle may include a classical computer program: selecting an implementation for a problem from one or more different implementations in a dictionary of implementations; preparing the implementation using bounds on a quantum circuit to solve the problem and encoding input data for the problem into a quantum state; selecting an oracle to monitor and measure the quantum state based on the implementation, wherein the oracle identifies a pattern of interest in the quantum state; transpiling the prepared implementation and the oracle into a set of machine-readable instructions; sending the set of machine-readable instructions to a quantum computer, wherein the quantum computer executes the set of machine-readable instructions and returns an array of results, the array of results representing measurements of the quantum state using the oracle; and analyzing the array of results and outputting the analysis.