Provided herein are educational models that include a substrate and one or more 3D printed structures mounted or affixed thereon, where the one or more 3D printed structures resemble crystals, normal and/or abnormal cells, or casts found in a biofluid. Also provided herein are educational models that include one or more 3D printed structures contained (for example, dispersed or suspended) in a carrier, where the one or more 3D printed structures resemble crystals, normal and/or abnormal cells, or casts found in a biofluid. Also provided herein are kits having a plurality of educational models, where each of the educational model is individually identifiable, and an answer key or guide that provides an identification of each 3D printed structure contained in each of the plurality of individually identifiable educational models. The 3D printed structures can be dimensioned for viewing with the naked eye or can be dimensioned for viewing under magnification.

An aid for teaching mathematical concepts looks like a multiplication table but has separable rows of numbers. In the first row, cardinal numbers 1-n are displayed and second-N rows have cardinal numbers 2-n displayed along side one edge on the face. The remainder of the rows have the multiplication products of the cardinal numbers on the first row and the cardinal numbers of the rest of the rows arranged at the intersections of the cardinal numbers at the top and along side the edge. The rows are separable so they may be arranged in a multiplicity of pairs of fractional equivalents.

An aid for teaching mathematical concepts looks like a multiplication table but has separable rows of numbers. In the first row, cardinal numbers 1-n are displayed and second-N rows have cardinal numbers 2-n displayed along side one edge on the face. The remainder of the rows have the multiplication products of the cardinal numbers on the first row and the cardinal numbers of the rest of the rows arranged at the intersections of the cardinal numbers at the top and along side the edge. The rows are separable so they may be arranged in a multiplicity of pairs of fractional equivalents.

A molecular modeling kit provides a system for molecular modeling that represents exclusion between resonance structures in a molecule and permits their rotation, providing an informative tool for describing resonance in a classroom or other learning environment. The kit includes atom modeling components and bond connector components that are connected together to form models of molecules. The atom modeling components or the bond connector components include a mechanical exclusion feature that prevents simultaneous connection of two bond connector components to represent two pi-bonds formed with a single atom in a single plane.

A molecular modeling kit provides a system for molecular modeling that represents exclusion between resonance structures in a molecule and permits their rotation, providing an informative tool for describing resonance in a classroom or other learning environment. The kit includes atom modeling components and bond connector components that are connected together to form models of molecules. The atom modeling components or the bond connector components include a mechanical exclusion feature that prevents simultaneous connection of two bond connector components to represent two pi-bonds formed with a single atom in a single plane.

The invention provides a modular modelling kit for drawing geometric structures using a handheld 3D printing pen, comprising construction modules (1), and is characterized in that each construction module (1) has a basically flat base (2) and at least one substantially vertical post (4) protruding from the base (2), having a contact point (4a).

The invention provides a modular modelling kit for drawing geometric structures using a handheld 3D printing pen, comprising construction modules (1), and is characterized in that each construction module (1) has a basically flat base (2) and at least one substantially vertical post (4) protruding from the base (2), having a contact point (4a).

A 4-dimensional periodic table of elements (4D PT) based on the 4 known quantum numbers of the atomn (principal), l (azimuthal), m (magnetic) and s (spin)which determine the 4D Cartesian co-ordinates (n,l,m,s) of a 4-dimensional cubic lattice. Since the four quantum numbers of each element are unique by Pauli's exclusion principle, each chemical element occupies a different vertex of this lattice and a unique location in the 4D PT. The 4D PT of elements extends to chemical molecules and compounds by adding coordinates of individual elements into composite coordinates of molecules and compounds in a larger expansive PT. The higher-dimensional table of elements and compounds can be represented in digital media or print media as 2D charts or cards. The 4D PT can be physically built as 3D model kits comprising nodes and struts and 2D panels, or as 2D model kits comprising panels or tiles.

A 4-dimensional periodic table of elements (4D PT) based on the 4 known quantum numbers of the atomn (principal), l (azimuthal), m (magnetic) and s (spin)which determine the 4D Cartesian co-ordinates (n,l,m,s) of a 4-dimensional cubic lattice. Since the four quantum numbers of each element are unique by Pauli's exclusion principle, each chemical element occupies a different vertex of this lattice and a unique location in the 4D PT. The 4D PT of elements extends to chemical molecules and compounds by adding coordinates of individual elements into composite coordinates of molecules and compounds in a larger expansive PT. The higher-dimensional table of elements and compounds can be represented in digital media or print media as 2D charts or cards. The 4D PT can be physically built as 3D model kits comprising nodes and struts and 2D panels, or as 2D model kits comprising panels or tiles.

A comprehensive teaching aid system for genetic science at least including numerous (deoxy-) ribonucleotide models that can be assembled to form DNA/RNA single strands, or to form the beautiful DNA double helix structure when numerous adjacently and oppositely connected deoxynucleotide models are attached by magnets, tRNAs, and three different plates for DNA replication, mRNA transcription and protein synthesis respectively. The (deoxy-) nucleotide model includes a phosphate model, a (deoxy-) ribose model and a base model connected in sequence. Between two adjacently disposed (deoxy-) ribonucleotide models, a (deoxy-) ribose model is connected to a phosphate model in the head-to-tail fashion to form a detachable and flexible chain structure. The base model is laterally connected to the (deoxy-) ribose model, and two base models in two oppositely disposed deoxynucleotide models are flexibly and complementarily attached.