Techniques for achieving reductions in cost of encoding and decoding operations used in DNA data storage systems to facilitate reducing errors in those encoding and decoding operations while accounting for a code structure used during the encoding and decoding by constructing and using insertion-deletion-substitution (IDS) trellises for multiple traces are disclosed. A DNA sequencing channel is used to randomly sample and sequence DNA strands to generate noisy traces. Multiple trellises are independently constructed for each respective noisy trace. A forward-backward algorithm is run on each trellis to compute posterior marginal probabilities for vertices included in each trellises. An estimate of the data message sequence is then computed.

Methods for characterizing a nanotube formulation with respect to one or more particular ionic species are disclosed. Within the methods of the present disclosure, this characterization provides control over the surface roughness (or smoothness) and the degree of rafting within a nanotube fabric formed from such a nanotube formulation. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a nanotube formulation roughness curve (and methods for generating such a curve) that can be used to select a utilizable range of ionic species concentration levels that will provide a nanotube fabric with a desired surface roughness (or smoothness) and degree of rafting. In some aspects of the present disclosure, such a nanotube formulation roughness curve can be used adjust nanotube formulation prior to a nanotube formulation deposition process to provide nanotube fabrics that are relatively smooth with a low degree of rafting.

Methods and systems for storing digital data into peptide sequences and retrieving digital data from peptide sequences are disclosed. The method for storing digital data into peptide sequences may include: encoding the digital data into a digital code; translating the digital code into the peptide sequences; and synthesizing the translated peptide sequences. The method for retrieving digital data from peptide sequences may include: sequencing and determining an order of the peptide sequences; converting the peptide sequences with the determined order into a digital code; and decoding the digital data from the digital code. Codes with error-correction capability are developed for encoding digital data into peptide sequences, and a computational method implemented in a software is developed for sequencing the digital data bearing peptides.

Methods and systems for storing digital data into peptide sequences and retrieving digital data from peptide sequences are disclosed. The method for storing digital data into peptide sequences may include: encoding the digital data into a digital code; translating the digital code into the peptide sequences; and synthesizing the translated peptide sequences. The method for retrieving digital data from peptide sequences may include: sequencing and determining an order of the peptide sequences; converting the peptide sequences with the determined order into a digital code; and decoding the digital data from the digital code. Codes with error-correction capability are developed for encoding digital data into peptide sequences, and a computational method implemented in a software is developed for sequencing the digital data bearing peptides.

A liquid electrochemical memory device is provided. In one aspect, the device includes a memory region for storing at least two bits, the memory region having a first volume; and a liquid electrolyte region fluidically connected to the memory region, the liquid electrolyte region having a second volume larger than the first volume. The device further includes a working electrode exposed to the memory region, and a counter electrode exposed to the liquid electrolyte region. The device also includes an electrolyte filling the memory region and the liquid electrolyte region, in physical contact with the working electrode and the counter electrode, the electrolyte including at least two conductive species. The device further includes a control unit for biasing the working electrode and the counter electrode.

Methods, systems, and devices related to techniques to access a self-selecting memory device are described. A self-selecting memory cell may store one or more bits of data represented by different threshold voltages of the self-selecting memory cell. A programming pulse may be varied to establish the different threshold voltages by modifying one or more time durations during which a fixed level of voltage or current is maintained across the self-selecting memory cell. The self-selecting memory cell may include a chalcogenide alloy. A non-uniform distribution of an element in the chalcogenide alloy may determine a particular threshold voltage of the self-selecting memory cell. The shape of the programming pulse may be configured to modify a distribution of the element in the chalcogenide alloy based on a desired logic state of the self-selecting memory cell.

An apparatus includes a flow cell body, a plurality of electrodes, an integrated circuit, and an imaging assembly. The flow cell body defines one or more flow channels and a plurality of wells. Each flow channel is configured to receive a flow of fluid. Each well is fluidically coupled with the corresponding flow channel. Each well is configured to contain at least one polynucleotide. Each electrode is positioned in a corresponding well of the plurality of wells. The electrodes are operable to effect writing of polynucleotides in the corresponding wells. The integrated circuit is operable to drive selective deposition or activation of selected nucleotides to attach to polynucleotides in the wells to thereby generate polynucleotides representing machine-written data in the wells. The imaging assembly is operable to capture images indicative of one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

An apparatus includes a flow cell body, a plurality of electrodes, an integrated circuit, and an imaging assembly. The flow cell body defines one or more flow channels and a plurality of wells. Each flow channel is configured to receive a flow of fluid. Each well is fluidically coupled with the corresponding flow channel. Each well is configured to contain at least one polynucleotide. Each electrode is positioned in a corresponding well of the plurality of wells. The electrodes are operable to effect writing of polynucleotides in the corresponding wells. The integrated circuit is operable to drive selective deposition or activation of selected nucleotides to attach to polynucleotides in the wells to thereby generate polynucleotides representing machine-written data in the wells. The imaging assembly is operable to capture images indicative of one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

A nano computing device includes: a nanoparticle memory including a first molecule bound so as to store a molecular input; a nanoparticle reporter including a second molecule bound so as to generate an output; and a nanoparticle floater including at least two third molecules and fourth molecules so as to be bound to one of the nanoparticle memory and the nanoparticle reporter based on the molecular input and an instruction molecule.

A nano computing device includes: a nanoparticle memory including a first molecule bound so as to store a molecular input; a nanoparticle reporter including a second molecule bound so as to generate an output; and a nanoparticle floater including at least two third molecules and fourth molecules so as to be bound to one of the nanoparticle memory and the nanoparticle reporter based on the molecular input and an instruction molecule.