The present disclosure provides systems and methods for storing, reading, and writing data using particle-based acoustic wave driven shift registers. The shift registers may physically shift particles along rows and/or columns of wells through the interactions of two parallel surfaces. A transducer may generate an acoustic wave to displace one or more of the two parallel surfaces. The particles may be transferred to and/or otherwise constrained by a buffer surface during at least a portion of the acoustic wave, such that the particles may be shifted during one or more cycles of the acoustic wave. In various embodiments, the amplitude of the acoustic wave may correspond to the spacing distance between each of the wells. The wells may be physical and/or potential wells.

A transmission circuit includes: a shift register configured to shift, in synchronization with a first clock signal, input parallel data within a plurality of flip-flop circuits; a control circuit configured to output a second clock signal of a phase in accordance with a phase of the first clock signal; a selector configured to select any one of the input parallel data and pieces of output parallel data of the plurality of flip-flop circuits; and a conversion circuit configured to convert, in synchronization with the second clock signal, the parallel data selected by the selector into pieces of serial data, in which the control circuit outputs a selection signal to the selector, in accordance with a deviation amount of the detected phase of the first clock signal.

A transmission circuit includes: a shift register configured to shift, in synchronization with a first clock signal, input parallel data within a plurality of flip-flop circuits; a control circuit configured to output a second clock signal of a phase in accordance with a phase of the first clock signal; a selector configured to select any one of the input parallel data and pieces of output parallel data of the plurality of flip-flop circuits; and a conversion circuit configured to convert, in synchronization with the second clock signal, the parallel data selected by the selector into pieces of serial data, in which the control circuit outputs a selection signal to the selector, in accordance with a deviation amount of the detected phase of the first clock signal.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for storing, reading, and writing data using particle-based acoustic wave driven shift registers. The shift registers may physically shift particles along rows and/or columns of wells through the interactions of two parallel surfaces. A transducer may generate an acoustic wave to displace one or more of the two parallel surfaces. The particles may be transferred to and/or otherwise constrained by a buffer surface during at least a portion of the acoustic wave, such that the particles may be shifted during one or more cycles of the acoustic wave. In various embodiments, the amplitude of the acoustic wave may correspond to the spacing distance between each of the wells. The wells may be physical and/or potential wells.

A first apparatus includes at least one scan chain. Each of the at least one scan chain includes scan cells coupled together. Each scan cell in the at least one scan chain includes a first type of scan cell when a reset state of the scan cell is a first state, and a second type of scan cell when the reset state of the scan cell is a second state. One or more scan chains of the at least one scan chain includes at least one of the first type of scan cell and at least one of the second type of scan cell. A second apparatus includes first and second sets of scan chains including flip-flops without both set and reset functionality. Each of the flip-flops in the first and second sets of scan chains has a reset state of a first state and a second state, respectively.

A first apparatus includes at least one scan chain. Each of the at least one scan chain includes scan cells coupled together. Each scan cell in the at least one scan chain includes a first type of scan cell when a reset state of the scan cell is a first state, and a second type of scan cell when the reset state of the scan cell is a second state. One or more scan chains of the at least one scan chain includes at least one of the first type of scan cell and at least one of the second type of scan cell. A second apparatus includes first and second sets of scan chains including flip-flops without both set and reset functionality. Each of the flip-flops in the first and second sets of scan chains has a reset state of a first state and a second state, respectively.

A 3D multi-bit flip-flop may include a two tier structure. The two tier structure may include a first tier containing a common clock circuit for the multi-bit flip-flop as well as the clock driven portions of the individual flip-flops and a second tier containing a common scan circuit for the multi-bit flip-flop as well as the non-clock driven portions of the individual flip-flops. Alternatively, the first tier may include the common clock circuit as well as a portion of the individual flip-flops and the second tier may include the common scan circuit as well as the other portion of the individual flip-flops.

A 3D multi-bit flip-flop may include a two tier structure. The two tier structure may include a first tier containing a common clock circuit for the multi-bit flip-flop as well as the clock driven portions of the individual flip-flops and a second tier containing a common scan circuit for the multi-bit flip-flop as well as the non-clock driven portions of the individual flip-flops. Alternatively, the first tier may include the common clock circuit as well as a portion of the individual flip-flops and the second tier may include the common scan circuit as well as the other portion of the individual flip-flops.