A system may include a magnetic shape memory (MSM) element having a long axis that extends from a first end of the MSM element to a second end of the MSM element. The system may further include a first solenoid, where a longitudinal axis of the first solenoid is positioned at a first angle relative to the long axis of the MSM element. The system may also include a second solenoid, where a longitudinal axis of the second solenoid is positioned at a second angle relative to the long axis of the MSM element and at a third angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first solenoid, where the longitudinal axis of the first solenoid and the longitudinal axis of the second solenoid are not parallel.

A high-temperature bimetal capable of being inhibited from considerably shifting from an original position when the temperature has fallen to an ordinary temperature is provided. This high-temperature bimetal (1) includes a high thermal expansion layer (2) made of austenitic stainless steel and a low thermal expansion layer (3) made of a thermosensitive magnetic metal having a Curie point and bonded to the high thermal expansion layer. The high-temperature bimetal is employed over both a high temperature range of not less than the Curie point and a low temperature range of less than the Curie point, while an upper limit of operating temperatures in the high temperature range of not less than the Curie point is at least 500? C.

A high-temperature bimetal capable of being inhibited from considerably shifting from an original position when the temperature has fallen to an ordinary temperature is provided. This high-temperature bimetal (1) includes a high thermal expansion layer (2) made of austenitic stainless steel and a low thermal expansion layer (3) made of a thermosensitive magnetic metal having a Curie point and bonded to the high thermal expansion layer. The high-temperature bimetal is employed over both a high temperature range of not less than the Curie point and a low temperature range of less than the Curie point, while an upper limit of operating temperatures in the high temperature range of not less than the Curie point is at least 500? C.

Hybrid structured materials are composed of hard cell structures connected by soft components such as soft networks, soft hinges, or bilayer joints. The soft components are responsive to external stimuli such as mechanical loads, temperature changes, humidity, and electric-magnetic fields. Due to the structural design and responsive properties of the soft components, the structured materials have a wide range of tunable expansion coefficients, including both positive expansion coefficients and negative expansion coefficients. The expansion can be induced by the external stimuli. Depending on the stimuli, the expansion coefficients can be thermal expansion coefficients (CTE), coefficients of moisture expansion (CME), etc.

Hybrid structured materials are composed of hard cell structures connected by soft components such as soft networks, soft hinges, or bilayer joints. The soft components are responsive to external stimuli such as mechanical loads, temperature changes, humidity, and electric-magnetic fields. Due to the structural design and responsive properties of the soft components, the structured materials have a wide range of tunable expansion coefficients, including both positive expansion coefficients and negative expansion coefficients. The expansion can be induced by the external stimuli. Depending on the stimuli, the expansion coefficients can be thermal expansion coefficients (CTE), coefficients of moisture expansion (CME), etc.

A high-temperature bimetal capable of being inhibited from considerably shifting from an original position when the temperature has fallen to an ordinary temperature is provided. This high-temperature bimetal (1) includes a high thermal expansion layer (2) made of austenitic stainless steel and a low thermal expansion layer (3) made of a thermosensitive magnetic metal having a Curie point and bonded to the high thermal expansion layer. The high-temperature bimetal is employed over both a high temperature range of not less than the Curie point and a low temperature range of less than the Curie point, while an upper limit of operating temperatures in the high temperature range of not less than the Curie point is at least 500? C.

A high-temperature bimetal capable of being inhibited from considerably shifting from an original position when the temperature has fallen to an ordinary temperature is provided. This high-temperature bimetal (1) includes a high thermal expansion layer (2) made of austenitic stainless steel and a low thermal expansion layer (3) made of a thermosensitive magnetic metal having a Curie point and bonded to the high thermal expansion layer. The high-temperature bimetal is employed over both a high temperature range of not less than the Curie point and a low temperature range of less than the Curie point, while an upper limit of operating temperatures in the high temperature range of not less than the Curie point is at least 500? C.

A thermally responsive element in which the degree of freedom in setting a differential is high across a wide range of temperature zones and a relatively small differential is settable is provided. The element may be a plate-like member having a shape that changes in accordance with a temperature change. A cross-section of the thermally responsive element at room temperature may have a compound curved shape. A cross-section of the thermally responsive element after the shape change may have a compound curved shape. A border between the central portion and the outer peripheral portion is the same before and after the shape change of the thermally responsive element.