A system for generating magnetized plasma and sustaining plasma's magnetic field comprises a plasma generator for generating magnetized plasma and a flux conserver in which the generated magnetized plasma is injected and confined. A central conductor comprises an upper central conductor and a lower central conductor that are electrically connected forming a single integrated conductor. The upper central conductor and an outer electrode form an annular plasma propagating channel. The lower central conductor extends out of the plasma generator and into the flux conserver such that an end of the inner electrode is electrically connected to a wall of the flux conserver. A power system provides a formation current pulse and a sustainment current pulse to the central conductor to form the magnetized plasma, inject such plasma into the flux conserver and sustain plasma's magnetic field.

A system and related apparatus, method and energy product-by-process for resonantly-catalyzing the release of nuclear fusion energy, comprising: a nuclear fuel; a high-frequency gamma radiation source producing gamma radiation proximate at least one of the resonant frequencies corresponding to m.sub.u, m.sub.d, {square root over (m.sub.um.sub.d)}, (m.sub.u+m.sub.d)/2, m.sub.u/(2).sup.3/2, m.sub.d/(2).sup.3/2, {square root over (m.sub.um.sub.d)}/(2).sup.3/2, integer harmonic multiples of said resonant frequencies, and sums of said resonant frequencies and said integer harmonic multiples, wherein m.sub.u is the current rest mass of the up quark and m.sub.d is the current rest mass of the down quark; and said gamma radiation source configured in relation to said nuclear fuel so as to subject said nuclear fuel to said gamma radiation.

A system and related apparatus, method and energy product-by-process for resonantly-catalyzing the release of nuclear fusion energy, comprising: a nuclear fuel; a high-frequency gamma radiation source producing gamma radiation proximate at least one of the resonant frequencies corresponding to m.sub.u, m.sub.d, {square root over (m.sub.um.sub.d)}, (m.sub.u+m.sub.d)/2, m.sub.u/(2).sup.3/2, m.sub.d/(2).sup.3/2, {square root over (m.sub.um.sub.d)}/(2).sup.3/2, integer harmonic multiples of said resonant frequencies, and sums of said resonant frequencies and said integer harmonic multiples, wherein m.sub.u is the current rest mass of the up quark and m.sub.d is the current rest mass of the down quark; and said gamma radiation source configured in relation to said nuclear fuel so as to subject said nuclear fuel to said gamma radiation.

A plasma confinement system includes an enclosure, one or more internal magnetic coils suspended within the enclosure in a plasma region, and one or more supports configured to support the one or more internal magnetic coils suspended within the enclosure. Each support of the one or more supports includes a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The first end is coupled to an interior portion of the enclosure and the second end is coupled to a component disposed within the plasma region. Each support further includes electrical conducting material disposed between the first end and the second end. The electrical conducting material is configured to, when supplied with one or more electrical currents, generate a magnetic field having a magnetic field gradient that varies along the support from the first end to the second end.

A fusion reactor includes a fusion plasma reactor chamber. A magnetic coil structure is disposed inside of the fusion plasma reactor chamber, and a structural component is also disposed inside of the fusion plasma reactor chamber. The structural component couples the magnetic coil structure to the fusion plasma reactor chamber. A superconducting material is disposed at least partially within the structural component. A plurality of cooling channels are disposed at least partially within the structural component. An insulating material is disposed at least partially within the structural component.

A fusion reactor includes a fusion plasma reactor chamber. A magnetic coil structure is disposed inside of the fusion plasma reactor chamber, and a structural component is also disposed inside of the fusion plasma reactor chamber. The structural component couples the magnetic coil structure to the fusion plasma reactor chamber. A superconducting material is disposed at least partially within the structural component. A plurality of cooling channels are disposed at least partially within the structural component. An insulating material is disposed at least partially within the structural component.

A molten metal fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; and a molten metal to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system comprising an electromagnetic pump, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to form a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an electrode electromagnetic pump recovery system and a gravity recovery system, (vi) a source of H2O vapor supplied to the plasma and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power thermophotovoltaic device and a visible and infrared transparent window or a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photovoltaic cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

A molten metal fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; and a molten metal to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system comprising an electromagnetic pump, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to form a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an electrode electromagnetic pump recovery system and a gravity recovery system, (vi) a source of H2O vapor supplied to the plasma and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power thermophotovoltaic device and a visible and infrared transparent window or a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photovoltaic cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

Neutron shielding for the central column of a tokamak nuclear fusion reactor. The neutron shielding comprises an electrically conductive neutron absorbing material. The neutron shielding is arranged such that the electrically conductive neutron absorbing material forms a solenoid for the initiation of plasma within the tokamak.

Neutron shielding for the central column of a tokamak nuclear fusion reactor. The neutron shielding comprises an electrically conductive neutron absorbing material. The neutron shielding is arranged such that the electrically conductive neutron absorbing material forms a solenoid for the initiation of plasma within the tokamak.