Provided are apparatuses and methods for providing power to a fission-type nuclear power plant by a reactor with a confining wall at least partially enclosing a confinement region within which charged particles and neutrals can rotate. A plurality of electrodes is adjacent or proximate to the confinement region. A control system having a voltage source applies an electric potential between the plurality of electrodes to generate an electric field within the confinement region to induce rotational movement of the charged particles and the neutrals therein. A reactant is disposed in the confinement region. Repeated collisions between the neutrals and the reactant produce energy and a product having a nuclear mass that is different from a nuclear mass of the nuclei of the neutrals and the reactant. The energy dissipates from the reactor to provide power to the fission-type nuclear power plant.

A method for nuclide bombardment for neutron generation includes providing a nuclide bombardment target. The target has a metallic single-crystalline layer including a metallic element, the single-crystalline layer including lattice channels disposed of therein, and isotopes of a first element, configured as interstitial elements in the lattice channels in the single-crystalline layer. The method also includes positioning the metallic single-crystalline layer with respect to a bombardment apparatus, such that the bombardment apparatus is configured for injecting particles into the metallic single-crystalline layer substantially along the lattice channels of the single crystalline lattice. The method further includes injecting isotopes of a second element into the metallic single-crystalline layer substantially along the direction of the lattice channels, thereby increasing neutron generation.

A method and apparatus to provide a plurality of radiation beams modulated according to at least two sub patterns of a pattern using radiation sources, the radiation sources producing radiation beams of at least two spot sizes such that each of the radiation beams having a same spot size of the at least two spot sizes is used to produce one of the at least two sub patterns, project the plurality of beams onto a substrate, and provide relative motion between the substrate and the plurality of radiation sources, in a scanning direction to expose the substrate. A method and apparatus to provide radiation modulated according to a desired pattern using a plurality of rows of two-dimensional arrays of radiation sources, project the modulated radiation onto a substrate using a projection system, and remove fluid from between the projection system and the substrate using one or more fluid removal units.

A method of excitation transfer to a radioactive source is provided, the radioactive source having a natural radioactive decay rate. The method includes: energizing a stimulatory device coupled to a radioactive source, thereby exciting the radioactive source to decay at an enhanced rate that is higher than the natural radioactive decay rate. An excitation transfer apparatus includes: a support element; a radioactive source mounted on the support element, the radioactive source having a natural radioactive decay rate; a stimulatory device coupled to the support element; and a driver operatively connected to the stimulatory device to energize the stimulatory device, wherein upon energization, the stimulatory device excites the radioactive source which thereby decays at an enhanced rate that is higher than the natural radioactive decay rate.

An electron beam irradiation device that can irradiate an object in water with an electron beam is provided. An acceleration tube 11 includes an acceleration space 21 in which an electron beam generated by an electron gun 12 is accelerated and an irradiation port 22 through which the electron beam accelerated in the acceleration space 21 can be irradiated to the outside. Hydrogen gas 32 supply means 13 can supply the acceleration space 21 with hydrogen gas 32 at a predetermined pressure. The hydrogen gas 32 supplied to the acceleration space 21 by the hydrogen gas 32 supply means 13 is emitted from the irradiation port 22 and the electron beam irradiated from the irradiation port 22 passes through the hydrogen gas 32 emitted from the irradiation port 22.

An object of the present invention is to achieve a simple and safe nuclear fusion reactor. The nuclear fusion reactor comprises: a vessel serving as a reactor body; a metallic heating element that contains heavy hydrogen contained in the vessel as a solute; a heavy hydrogen gas contained in the vessel, the heavy hydrogen gas being in an amount that allows 0.005% to 5% of heavy hydrogen to be contained as a solute in the metallic heating element based on the atomic ratio; and a mechanism for irradiating the metallic heating element with an ion beam. Such configuration causes, in the metallic crystal of the metallic heating element, a channeling phenomenon which guides ion beams to interstitial atom nuclei, and an intra-metal nuclear fusion probability increasing phenomenon which is explained based on the binary nucleus model. As a result, a mild nuclear fusion that does not emit gamma rays and neutron rays occurs, and the nuclear energy can be efficiently converted into heat due to the intra-metal nuclear fusion chain reaction.

The present invention discloses a low temperature controllable nuclear fusion device and a realization method thereof. The nuclear fusion device comprises a neutron source, an energy transmission system and a shielding layer. Neutrons radiated by the neutron source are used to irradiate the target nucleus-containing substance; the target nucleus of the neutron absorption is fissioned into a plurality of sub-nuclei; the released energy is transmitted by the energy transmission system; and the residual neutrons not absorbed by the target nucleus are completely absorbed by the shielding layer. The sub-nuclei and electrons produced by fission are finally combined into atoms and energy is released. The overall process of the present invention can be realized at low temperature, is easy to control, has no problem with Lawson conditions, and produces no radioactive spent nuclear fuel.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Systems and methods utilizing successive, axially symmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate two compact tori towards each other and ultimately collide and compress the compact tori within a central chamber. Alternatively, systems and methods utilizing successive, axially asymmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate a first compact toroid towards and position within a central chamber and to heat and accelerate a second compact toroid towards the central chamber and ultimately collide and merge the first and second compact toroids and compress the compact merge tori within the central chamber.

A particle beam emitter has a hollow particle beam tube having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a longitudinal axis. An electromagnetic system that includes a voltage supply is electrically coupled to the hollow particle beam tube and is configured to generate a primary electrical current flowing axially in the hollow particle beam tube from the first end portion towards the second end portion. A primary magnetic field associated with the primary electrical current is operable to induce a secondary electrical current in a plasma located within the hollow particle beam tube, the secondary electrical current flowing generally axially within the plasma and causing the plasma to contract inwardly towards the longitudinal axis.