Direct conversion of energy of charged particles from a fusion reaction is provided by passing the particles through an electric field. This form of direct electrical energy conversion may convert kinetic energy of high-velocity alpha particles (or other charged reaction products) to electrical energy. The alpha particles may have energy ranges in a range typical for fusion reactions (e.g., in the range of about 3 to 5 MeV)

A method of producing a localized concentration of energy including providing a pocket of gas in a non-gaseous medium and in contact with a surface. The surface includes a depression shaped so as to at least partially receive the pocket of gas. A static pressure is applied to the non-gaseous medium, with an average value greater than atmospheric pressure such that the pocket of gas collapses to form a transverse jet. The surface depression is arranged to receive the transverse jet impact such that at least some of pocket of gas is trapped between the impacting jet and the surface depression. An apparatus for producing a localized concentration of energy is also provided.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions. Electron emitters may be employed to provide, during operation, an electron rich region.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Examples of a modular compression chamber for use in a compression system are disclosed. The modular compression chamber comprises a plurality of individual modules and a plurality of fasteners to attach the plurality of modules in an interlocking fashion to form the chamber. The modules have a pre-determined geometry and size to form a compression chamber with a desired geometry and size. The plurality of fasteners keeps each of the individual modules in compression with neighboring modules so that the formed chamber maintains its integrity during operation. The modules can comprise a plurality of pressure wave generators to generate a pressure wave within the chamber. In one embodiment, the pressure wave generators have a pre-determined geometry and size and are configured to interlock with the neighboring generators forming the individual modules. The fasteners are configured to maintain intimate contact between side walls of the adjacent pressure wave generators.

Examples of a jet control device are described. The jet control device can comprise a jet deflecting member that is configured to intercept and/or collide with a high speed jet emerging from a jet formation location. The interaction of the jet deflecting member and the jet can cause the high speed jet to be dispersed into a plurality of jets with a number of flow directions which may be sideways to an initial direction of the high speed jet. In one embodiment the deflecting member can include a liquid guide formed by injecting a fluid out of an outlet nozzle so that the liquid guide extends longitudinally away from the outlet nozzle. In another embodiment the deflecting member can include an array of solid pellets injected through an outlet in a direction of the emerging high speed jet and configured to collide with the emerging jet thereby deflecting its initial direction.

Examples of system for generating vortex cavity are disclosed. The system comprises a vessel into which a fluid is injected through one or more inlet ports and a fluid circulating system configured to circulate the fluid through the vessel such that the fluid is removed from the vessel through an outlet port and is returned back into the vessel through the one and more inlet ports. A first spinner is mounted at one wall of the vessel while a second spinner is mounted at the opposite wall of the vessel such that the second spinner is at some distance away from the first spinner and it faces the first spinner. When the fluid circulating system starts circulating the fluid within the vessel a vortex cavity is formed that extends between the first and the second spinners so that one end of the vortex cavity sits on the first spinner while the opposite end of the vortex cavity sits on the second spinner.

Provided are a method for generating mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a method for changing the geometric shape and the electrochemical properties of a surface of a substance, a method for peeling off a rare metal using the generated mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a mechanical and electrochemical cavitation generator, and a method for generating a nuclear fusion reaction of deuterium. In the method for generating mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a water jet is jetted from a jetting nozzle immersed in water, and flow cavitation generated by the jetting of the water jet is irradiated with an ultrasonic wave to generate cavitation MFC having both a functional effect and an electrochemical effect.

Embodiments of systems and methods for compressing plasma are described in which plasma pressures above the breaking point of solid material can be achieved by injecting a plasma into a funnel of liquid metal in which the plasma is compressed and/or heated.

A method of producing a localized concentration of energy includes: creating a shockwave propagating through a non-gaseous medium so as to be incident upon a boundary between the non-gaseous medium and a gaseous medium formed by at least one hole in a barrier separating the non-gaseous medium from a gaseous medium. This forms a transverse jet on the other side of the hole which is incident upon a target surface comprising a depression which is spaced from the barrier in the gaseous medium. An apparatus for producing a localized concentration of energy is also described.