Aspects of the present disclosure may include a method and/or a system for identifying an ion chain having a plurality of trapped ions, selecting at least two non-consecutive trapped ions in the ion chain for implementing a qubit, applying at least a first Raman beam to shuttle at least one neighbor ion of the at least two non-consecutive trapped ions from a ground state to a metastable state, and applying at least a second Raman beam to one or more of the at least two non-consecutive trapped ions, after shuttling the at least one neighbor ion to the metastable state, to transition from a first manifold to a second manifold.

Implementations set forth herein relate to a system for manipulating mass. The system can include one or more radiation emitting apparatuses and a material chamber that includes a material. The material can be caused to experience a centrifugal force according to a motion of the material chamber. While the material is experiencing the centrifugal force, the one or more radiation emitting apparatuses can cause the material to increase in temperature and experience an electromagnetic force. The combination of forces can affect properties of the material and/or any other materials that can be in direct and/or indirect contact with the material.

A method of performing an entangling operation between two trapped ions in a quantum computer includes selecting a gate duration value of a pulse to be applied to a first ion and a second ion in a chain of trapped ions, determining one or more tones of the pulse, each tone comprising an amplitude value and a detuning frequency value, based on the selected gate duration value and frequencies of the motional modes of the chain of trapped ions, generating the pulse having the one or more tones, each tone comprising the determined amplitude and the determined detuning frequency values, and applying the generated pulse to the first and second ions for the gate duration value. Each of the trapped ions has two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and motional modes of the chain of trapped ions each have a distinct frequency.

A method of performing simultaneous entangling gate operations in a trapped-ion quantum computer includes selecting a gate duration value and a detuning frequency of pulses to be individually applied to a plurality of participating ions in a chain of trapped ions to simultaneously entangle a plurality of pairs of ions among the plurality of participating ions by one or more predetermined values of entanglement interaction, determining amplitudes of the pulses, based on the selected gate duration value, the selected detuning frequency, and the frequencies of the motional modes of the chain of trapped ions, generating the pulses having the determined amplitudes, and applying the generated pulses to the plurality of participating ions for the selected gate duration value. Each of the trapped ions in the chain has two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and motional modes of the chain of trapped ions each have a distinct frequency.

A method of performing a computation using a quantum computer includes generating a first laser pulse and a second laser pulse to cause entanglement interaction between a first trapped ion and a second trapped ion of a plurality of trapped ions that are aligned in a first direction, each of the plurality of trapped ions having two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and applying the generated first laser pulse to the first trapped ion and the generated second laser pulse to the second trapped ion. Generating the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse includes stabilizing the entanglement interaction between the first and second trapped ions against fluctuations in frequencies of collective motional modes of the plurality of trapped ions in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction.

A method of performing a computation using a quantum computer includes generating a plurality of laser pulses used to be individually applied to each of a plurality of trapped ions that are aligned in a first direction, each of the trapped ions having two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and applying the generated plurality of laser pulses to the plurality of trapped ions to perform simultaneous pair-wise entangling gate operations on the plurality of trapped ions. Generating the plurality of laser pulses includes adjusting an amplitude value and a detuning frequency value of each of the plurality of laser pulses based on values of pair-wise entanglement interaction in the plurality of trapped ions that is to be caused by the plurality of laser pulses.

A technique is disclosed for electro-optically inducing a force to fabricated samples and/or devices with laser light. The technique uses the interaction of the oscillating electric field of the laser beam in opposition with the electric field produced by an appropriate electric charge carrier to achieve a net repulsive (or attractive) force on the component holding the electric charge. In one embodiment, force is achieved when the field near the charge carrier is modulated at a subharmonic of the electric field oscillation frequency of the laser and the relative phases of the light field and electric charge carrier field are controlled to provide optimal repulsion/attraction. The effect is scalable by applying the technique to an array of charge carrier fields sequentially as well as using higher power lasers and higher carrier field voltages.

An undulator comprises at least M permanent magnet periods arranged sequentially in a transmission direction of electron beams, each of the permanent magnet periods comprises four rows of permanent magnet structures, in which each row comprises N rows of permanent magnet groups, and each row of the permanent magnet groups comprises K permanent magnet units, wherein M, N and K are natural numbers greater than or equal to 1; the four rows of the permanent magnet structures are pairwise matched, then relatively disposed on both sides of the transmission direction of electron beams, and are capable of forming at least one composite magnetic fields by relative displacement, such that elliptically polarized light, circularly polarized light, or linearly polarized light with an arbitrary polarization angle of 0360 is generated when electron beams pass through the composite magnetic fields, and such that velocity directions of electrons are deviated from an axis direction of the undulator.

A method for generating extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation includes introducing a fuel droplet; applying a first laser beam to strike the fuel droplet at a location to generate EUV radiation and form a movable debris of the fuel droplet; and forming an energy field proximal to the location of the first laser beam strike to trap the movable debris. An EUV radiation source includes a fuel droplet generator, a first laser, a collector and an energy field. The fuel droplet generator is configured to provide a fuel droplet. The first laser is configured to generate a first laser beam to strike the fuel droplet at a location to generate EUV radiation and form a movable debris. The collector is configured to reflect the EUV radiation. The energy field is configured to trap the movable debris, wherein the energy field is proximal to the location of the first laser beam strike.

Topological qubits are provided in a quantum spin liquid. In various embodiments, a device is provided comprising a two-dimensional array of particles, each particle disposed at a vertex of a ruby lattice having a parameter greater than

[00001]$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}};$

each particle having a first state and an excited state; each particle that belongs to at least three unit cells of the ruby lattice having a blockade radius, when in the excited state, sufficient to blockade each of at least six nearest neighboring particles in the ruby lattice from transitioning from its first state to its excited state, and wherein the array has at least one outer edge configured to be in a first boundary condition.