Provided herein are systems and methods for generating a plurality of different monoenergetic neutron energies using a plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets. In certain embodiments, each of the plurality of ion beam targets is configured to generate a monoenergetic energy value that is at least 100 kiloelectron volts (keV) different from the other ion beam targets. In some embodiments, the ion beam targets are composed of LiF, TiT.sub.1-2, ErD.sub.1.5, ErT, or Li.

Improvements to atom interferometers. An improved atom interferometer has a single polarization-preserving fiber, coupled for propagation of beams of two Raman frequencies, and a parallel displacement beamsplitter for separating the laser beams into respective free-space-propagating parallel beams traversing at least one ensemble of atoms. A reflector generates one or more beams counterpropagating through the ensemble of atoms. Other improvements include interposing a beam-splitting surface common to a plurality of parallel pairs of beams counterpropagating through the ensemble of atoms, generating interference fringes between reflections of the beams to generate a detector signal; and processing the detector signal to derive at least one of relative phase and relative alignment between respective pairs of the counterpropagating beams.

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to ion beam therapy. In one aspect, a system includes a position sensitive detector and a collimator. The position sensitive detector configured to detect gamma rays generated by an ion beam interacting with a target. The collimator is positioned between the target and the position sensitive detector. The collimator includes a plurality of knife-edge slits, with a first knife-edge slit intersecting with a second knife-edge slit.

An X-ray diffractometer for obtaining X-ray diffraction angles of diffracted X-rays by detecting with an X-ray detector diffracted X-rays diffracted at a sample when X-rays are emitted at the sample at each angle of the angles about a center point of goniometer circles, the X-ray diffractometer having a pinhole member provided with a pinhole, the pinhole allowing X-rays diffracted from the sample to pass so that the diffracted X-rays pass through the center point of the goniometer circle, and other diffracted X-rays are shielded by the pinhole member.

An X-ray diffractometer for obtaining X-ray diffraction angles of diffracted X-rays by detecting with an X-ray detector diffracted X-rays diffracted at a sample when X-rays are emitted at the sample at each angle of the angles about a center point of goniometer circles, the X-ray diffractometer having a pinhole member provided with a pinhole, the pinhole allowing X-rays diffracted from the sample to pass so that the diffracted X-rays pass through the center point of the goniometer circle, and other diffracted X-rays are shielded by the pinhole member.

A device for suspending an x-ray grid has a first rotating frame which can be rotated about a first axis. The x-ray grid is disposed in or on the rotating frame. Two first flexible hinge elements are connected to the first rotating frame and are aligned along the first axis. The first rotating frame is reversibly rotatable about the first axis. An x-ray arrangement has one or more such suspension devices between an x-ray emitter and an x-ray detector. The articulated flexible elements of the novel device are completely play-free and significantly more cost-effective that separate hinges.

An apparatus for movably suspending an x-ray grid. The apparatus has a carrier module, in or on which the x-ray grid is arranged, and a linkage. The linkage is configured to rotate the carrier module about an axis which is vertical to the x-ray grid and/or to translate the carrier module in the plane of the x-ray grid. An x-ray arrangement has an x-ray emitter, an x-ray detector and one or more apparatus for suspending the x-ray grid between the emitter and detector. The apparatus provides for play-free kinematics which is more cost-effective than the use of known precision drives.

According to an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus which quantitatively evaluates a braze bonding length. A radiation emission unit emits radiation to each of a plurality of partial specimens which are obtained by cutting a specimen in a plane perpendicular to a braze bonding length direction. A light generator generates light of an amount corresponding to an intensity of transmissive radiation. An imaging unit photographs this light. A calculator calculates a braze bonding length of each of the partial specimens, from a light amount obtained with respect to each of the partial specimens, based on a correlation between a braze bonding length and a light amount. The calculator further calculates the braze bonding length of the specimen by totaling the braze bonding lengths of the respective partial specimens.

According to an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus which quantitatively evaluates a braze bonding length. A radiation emission unit emits radiation to each of a plurality of partial specimens which are obtained by cutting a specimen in a plane perpendicular to a braze bonding length direction. A light generator generates light of an amount corresponding to an intensity of transmissive radiation. An imaging unit photographs this light. A calculator calculates a braze bonding length of each of the partial specimens, from a light amount obtained with respect to each of the partial specimens, based on a correlation between a braze bonding length and a light amount. The calculator further calculates the braze bonding length of the specimen by totaling the braze bonding lengths of the respective partial specimens.

A shutter for controlling radiation exposure includes a rotatable member. The rotatable member is rotatable between an open position and a closed position. The rotatable member includes a passageway, wherein the passageway is positioned to receive radiation in the open position and is not positioned to receive radiation in the closed position. In the closed position, the rotatable member may substantially block or absorb the radiation. The passageway may collimate the radiation into a beam of radiation. The rotatable member may include a plurality of passageways positioned to receive radiation in the open position. The rotatable member may be rotatable between a plurality of open positions, each open position corresponding to at least one passageway. The open positions may align the source of radiation with different passageways in the rotatable member to form a different beam shape, a different number of beams, a different beam direction, or combinations thereof.