A nail lamp for curing UV-curable nail gel uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit ultraviolet light and are relatively lower power. The nail lamp is powered from an exterior power source, such as a wall socket, or by a rechargeable battery pack. A battery compartment of the nail lamp holds the battery pack, which is removable without disassembling the nail lamp. The nail lamp is easily transportable to different locations and can be used even when a wall socket is unavailable. A curing time of the nail lamp is user-selectable. The nail lamp can also include one or more detection sensors to detect a person's hand or foot in a treatment chamber and automatically turn on or off the LEDs.

A magnetic apparatus and a method of operating the magnetic apparatus can include a scanning electromagnet that redirects a beam of charged particles, a vacuum chamber that prevents the atmosphere from interfering with the charged particles, and, a parallelizing permanent magnet array for parallelizing the beam of charged particles. The parallelizing permanent magnet array can be located proximate to a target comprising a Bremsstrahlung target or an object that is being irradiated. The magnetic field of the scanning electromagnet can be variable to produce all angles necessary to sweep the beam of charged particles across the target and the parallelizing permanent magnet array can be configured from a magnetic material that does not require an electric current.

A power generation device may include a radiation source, an emitter, and a collector. The emitter may be formed adjacent to the radiation source. The emitter may include a high-density material. The collector may be adjacent to the radiation source and include a low-density material. The emitter is between the radiation source and the collector. An insulator may be positioned between the emitter and the collector. An emitter of a nuclear battery and a method of forming an emitter of a nuclear battery are also disclosed.

A power generation device may include a radiation source, an emitter, and a collector. The emitter may be formed adjacent to the radiation source. The emitter may include a high-density material. The collector may be adjacent to the radiation source and include a low-density material. The emitter is between the radiation source and the collector. An insulator may be positioned between the emitter and the collector. An emitter of a nuclear battery and a method of forming an emitter of a nuclear battery are also disclosed.

A lattice energy converter (LEC) is disclosed that produces ionizing radiation and/or electricity based on the thermal energy in the lattice of a specially prepared working electrode comprised in whole or in part of hydrogen host materials that are occluded with hydrogen or the isotopes of hydrogen and wherein the hydrogen host materials may include vacancies, superabundant vacancies, and other lattice defects. When the hydrogen host material is occluded with hydrogen, the LEC was found to self-initiate the production of ionizing radiation and, when the hydrogen host materials are in fluidic contact with a gas or vapor containing hydrogen or isotopes of hydrogen, the LEC was found to self-sustain the production of ionizing radiation. When the LEC includes one or more additional electrodes or electrode structures, the ionizing radiation was found to be converted to electrical energy. Materials that are normally considered to be radioactive are not required.

An extreme ultraviolet light generating system includes a chamber; a target supply unit configured to successively output, toward a predetermined region in the chamber, a plurality of droplets including a first droplet and a second droplet of a target substance; a trajectory correcting laser apparatus configured to apply a trajectory correcting laser beam to each of the droplets moving from the target supply unit toward the predetermined region; a drive laser apparatus configured to apply a drive laser beam to each droplet having reached the predetermined region to generate plasma; and a control unit configured to control the trajectory correcting laser apparatus such that intensity of the trajectory correcting laser beam applied to the first droplet is different from intensity of the trajectory correcting laser beam applied to the second droplet.

An extreme ultraviolet light generating system includes a chamber; a target supply unit configured to successively output, toward a predetermined region in the chamber, a plurality of droplets including a first droplet and a second droplet of a target substance; a trajectory correcting laser apparatus configured to apply a trajectory correcting laser beam to each of the droplets moving from the target supply unit toward the predetermined region; a drive laser apparatus configured to apply a drive laser beam to each droplet having reached the predetermined region to generate plasma; and a control unit configured to control the trajectory correcting laser apparatus such that intensity of the trajectory correcting laser beam applied to the first droplet is different from intensity of the trajectory correcting laser beam applied to the second droplet.

A method for increasing the MeV hot electron yield and secondary radiation produced by short-pulse laser-target interactions with an appropriately high or low atomic number (Z) target. Secondary radiation, such as MeV x-rays, gamma-rays, protons, ions, neutrons, positrons and electromagnetic radiation in the microwave to sub-mm region, can be used, e.g., for the flash radiography of dense objects.

A method for increasing the MeV hot electron yield and secondary radiation produced by short-pulse laser-target interactions with an appropriately high or low atomic number (Z) target. Secondary radiation, such as MeV x-rays, gamma-rays, protons, ions, neutrons, positrons and electromagnetic radiation in the microwave to sub-mm region, can be used, e.g., for the flash radiography of dense objects.

An X-ray generation apparatus includes an electron gun configured to emit an electron beam, a rotary anode unit having a target generating an X-ray by receiving the electron beam and configured to rotate the target, a magnetic lens having a coil configured to generate a magnetic force acting on the electron beam between the electron gun and the target, and a wall portion disposed between the target and the coil so as to face the target. The wall portion is formed with an electron passage hole through which the electron beam passes and a flow path configured to allow a coolant to flow.