A strain sensor can include a resistor, a first electrical contact at a first end of the resistor, and a second electrical contact at a second end of the resistor. The resistor can be formed of a matrix of sintered elemental transition metal particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles.

Pulse wave sensor includes strain generating body with circular opening, resin layer covering strain generating body's one surface, and strain gauge provided on strain generating body's other surface opposite to one surface and including Cr mixed phase film as resistor. Where circular opening diameter is d [mm] and strain generating body thickness is t [mm], when material of strain generating body is SUS and d is 32, 22, 13, and 7, required range of t is 0.059t0.124, 0.046t0.099, 0.030t0.067, and 0.026t0.034, respectively, when the material is copper and d is 32, 22, 13, and 7, required range of t is 0.084t0.166, 0.066t0.132, 0.044t0.088, and 0.032t0.050, respectively, and when the material is aluminum and d is 32, 22, 13, and 7, required range of t is 0.097t0.212, 0.079t<0.168, 0.050<<0.107, 0.038<t<0.063, respectively. Pulse wave sensor detects pulse wave based on change in resistance value of resistor upon deformation of strain generating body.

The present strain gauge includes a substrate having flexibility; and a resistor formed from a material containing at least one of chromium and nickel, on the substrate, wherein a first substance having a function of preventing crystal grains as the main component of the resistor from cohering, is added to the resistor.

According to the techniques herein, one or more sensors coupled to an aligner are used to sense one or more physical qualities of the aligner to determine whether the physical qualities indicate that the aligner material has relaxed and has, e.g., reduced the force systems applied to teeth and/or that the teeth movement for the stage has slowed down. The sensors may provide a signal that represents whether or not the physical qualities fall below a threshold value. A treatment plan may be modified if needed. These techniques have the potential to make treatment plans faster and more effective by speeding up some stages while making sure some, perhaps other, stages are implemented only after the teeth are near the appropriate position.

Strain sensors are attached to a workpiece, and resistance values of the strain sensors are measured with time while cutting the workpiece with a milling cutting machine. A power spectrum in a frequency domain is obtained by Fourier-transforming the resistance values measured with time. A power peak is found in the power spectrum to be outputted as a magnitude of vibration occurring during machining the workpiece. By attaching a strain sensor to a stamper of a plastic working machine, a resistance value of the strain sensor is measured while pressing a workpiece on a die with the stamper. A magnitude of the strain corresponding to the measured resistance value is used to obtain a corresponding plastic working force. By attaching the strain sensor directly to the workpiece, it is possible to monitor the state of the plastic working and/or cutting process of the workpiece with high precision at low cost.

A cell module for an electrical energy storage device of a motor vehicle includes at least one cell structure made up of energy storage cells, a metallic cell module frame, enclosing the at least one cell structure, for clamping the energy storage cells, and a measuring device for detecting a deformation of the cell module frame related to cell expansion. The measuring device includes a passive resistive extension sensor having a deformation-dependent electrical resistance and a measuring unit connected to the extension sensor to output an electrical measurement signal characterizing the deformation-dependent electrical resistance of the extension sensor. The extension sensor is formed by the metallic cell module frame, with which the measuring unit is electrically contacted.

A strain sensor is based on a self-biasing reference circuit that reaches an operating state that, at least at first order, is at least supply-voltage independent. The strain sensor provides an output signal that is defined by the operating state of the self-biasing reference circuit. At least one component in the self-biasing reference circuit has an electrical characteristic that depends on a strain to which the at least one component is subjected. This makes that the operating state of the self-biasing reference circuit depends on the strain. As a result, the output signal of the strain sensor varies as a function of the strain to which the at least one component is subjected.

The present invention discloses a flexible method and apparatus for thickness measurement. The apparatus includes seven parts: a measurement host, an etalon, a tested piece, a test piece positioning support, a driver, and a digital controller. The measurement host includes a rack, a coding lead screw, and a dual-acting cantilever sensor. The coding lead screw includes a micro-metering lead screw and a tri-state encoder. The tri-state encoder includes a fluted disc and four pairs of cantilever sensors. The dual-acting cantilever sensor includes left and right mobile cantilever sensors with a pair of clipping pin. The digital controller contains system measurement software.

A strain monitor (1) for attachment to part of a submerged structure (100), the strain monitor comprises: a main body (5), the main body comprising an attachment assembly which is arranged to secure the strain monitor to the submerged structure, a plurality of strain gauge assemblies (3), carried by the main body, arranged in a spaced apart relationship, each strain gauge assembly comprising a strain gauge and a carrier (6), and the strain gauge attached to the carrier, and the strain gauge assembly arranged to selectively adopt a stowed condition and a deployed condition.

A sensor-enabled geogrid system for and method of monitoring the health, condition, and/or status of rail track infrastructure is disclosed. In some embodiments, the sensor-enabled geogrid system includes a sensor-enabled geogrid that further includes a geogrid holding an arrangement of one or more sensors. The sensor-enabled geogrid system further includes a communication means or network for collecting information and/or data from the sensor enabled geogrid about the health, condition, and/or status of rail track infrastructure. Further, a method of using the presently disclosed sensor-enabled geogrid system for monitoring the health, condition, and/or status of rail track infrastructure is provided.