An assembly for sensing an amount of strain in an object, including a first cup having a first end, a second end, a cylindrical side wall extending therebetween, and an end wall disposed at the first end of the first cup, and a strain wafer disposed on one of an outer surface and an inner surface of the end wall.

A battery management apparatus according to the present disclosure includes a voltage measuring unit for measuring a battery voltage of a battery, a degree of bending measuring unit provided on at least one side of the battery for measuring a degree of battery bending of the battery, and a processor for receiving the battery voltage from the voltage measuring unit, receiving the degree of battery bending from the degree of bending measuring unit, setting a base degree of bending according to a voltage range to which the battery voltage belongs among an overdischarge voltage range, an allowable voltage range and an overcharge voltage range, comparing the degree of battery bending with the base degree of bending to determine which is greater, and performing a protection operation for the battery based on a degree of bending comparison result.

A sensor is provided that includes a piezoelectric body; an electric resistor disposed on a first principal surface of the piezoelectric body; a vibration detection electrode disposed on a second principal surface of the piezoelectric body; a resistance voltage dividing circuit that has a first input terminal and a voltage dividing point; and a feedback processing circuit that has a second input terminal. Moreover, the electric resistor is connected to the voltage dividing point and the first input terminal, and the vibration detection electrode is connected to the second input terminal.

A control panel having: a trim element having a first outer face and a first inner face; a support element having a second outer face oriented towards the first inner face of the trim element and a second inner face opposite to said second outer face; and a group of force sensors configured for detecting a control force applied to the first outer face within a control area. The support element has, within a detection area extending around the group of control areas, a mechanical weakening formed by a recess in the second inner face.

The present disclosure discloses a monitoring device for internal deformation and fine particle loss of a railway subgrade, relating to the field of monitoring devices. The monitoring device includes an internal damage monitoring device arranged in a subgrade ballast layer. The internal damage monitoring device is connected to a resistance acquisition instrument through a wire. The resistance acquisition instrument is in wireless connection with a resistance signal receiver. The monitoring device for internal deformation and fine particle loss of a railway subgrade provided by the present disclosure can remotely realize real-time continuous monitoring of the deformation and fine particle loss inside the railway subgrade under a rail transit load, is economical and convenient, and has high practice value.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method for setting a working distance of an additive manufacturing system, including: moving a deposition element towards a build surface; detecting, via a contact detection system, a contact between the deposition element and the build surface; stopping the moving of the deposition element in response to detecting the contact between the deposition element and the build surface; and moving the deposition element away from the build surface a determined working distance.

A method of examining the integrity of an aircraft structure including determining an electrical conductivity or resistivity of the metal matrix composite of the aircraft structure. An apparatus for performing such a method is also provided. A method of estimating damage in an aircraft structure and a method of estimating the remaining operational life of an aircraft structure are also provided.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there may be provided a battery system including a plurality of battery cells, polyurethane (PU) foam arranged between the plurality of battery cells, a strain gauge disposed on a side surface of the battery cell, a cell management controller (CMC) that converts a signal received from the strain gauge and transmits the converted signal to a battery management system (BMS), and the BMS that determines a state of the battery cell through the signal received from the CMC, wherein the BMS determines that a swelling phenomenon occurs when the signal input to the CMC is transmitted to the BMS and a time during which a value of the signal exceeds a set limit value continues for a set time or more due to a resistance value converted by the strain gauge, and thus an automatic coping operation is implemented, and the BMS is normally operated when the time during which the value of the signal transmitted to the BMS exceeds the set limit value is not greater than the set time.

A strain sensor comprising a conductive member having a plurality of elements arranged adjacent to one another, and a non-conductive and elastically deformable material encapsulating the conductive member, wherein, in an equilibrium state, compressive forces cause at least one of the plurality of elements to contact at least a portion of an adjacent element, and wherein, when a strain is applied, a resulting elastic deformation causes at least one of the plurality of elements to space apart from an adjacent element such that the contacted portion decreases or is eliminated. A multi-axis force sensor comprising a sensing array comprising at least two planar sensors arranged radially on a planar substrate in antagonistic pairs, and a compressible member positioned between the substrate and a central portion of the sensing array, the compressible member acting to displace the central portion of the sensing array away from the substrate.

Provided are a resonator, a method of manufacturing the resonator, and a strain sensor and a sensor array including the resonator. The resonator is provided to extend in a lengthwise direction from a support. The resonator includes a single crystal material and is provided to extend in a crystal orientation that satisfies at least one from among a Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio, from among crystal orientations of the single crystal material.