Various embodiments include a method for facilitating tomographic reconstruction comprising: emitting an x-ray beam from an x-ray unit; ascertaining an attenuation of the x-ray beam during transmission through an object situated in a beam path of the x-ray beam; ascertaining structure data of the object based at least in part on the attenuation of the x-ray beam; and ascertaining a pose of the x-ray unit relative to the object using a digital model of the object and based at least in part on the attenuation of the x-ray beam.

Method and installation for manufacturing and inspecting metal containers. The method includes extruding a metal disk to form a metal container having a cylindrical body with a side wall, a base, and an open end opposite the base. After the metal container is formed the thickness of the base is determined by arranging the base between an X-ray emitter and an X-ray receiver and emitting X-rays from the X-ray emitter to the X-ray receiver through the base. The thickness of the base is determined based on the intensity of the X-rays absorbed by the base.

A metrology method for use in determining one or more parameters of a patterned structure, the method including providing raw measured TEM image data, TEM.sub.meas, data indicative of a TEM measurement mode, and predetermined simulated TEM image data including data indicative of one or more simulated TEM images of a structure similar to the patterned structure under measurements and a simulated weight map including weights assigned to different regions in the simulated TEM image corresponding to different features of the patterned structure, performing a fitting procedure between the raw measured TEM image data and the predetermined simulated TEM image data and determining one or more parameters of the structure from the simulated TEM image data corresponding to a best fit condition.

Disclosed herein is a system and method for determining a thickness of ice on Radio Frequency (RF) systems The system includes a sensor unit for use in determining the thickness of ice on a surface of a RADAR system having a RADAR antenna, the sensor unit including a sensor unit antenna tunable to a harmonic of a RADAR antenna signal, the harmonic having a frequency within an ice absorption band, wherein the sensor unit antenna emits the harmonic at a first signal strength; and, a sensor unit receiver communicatively coupled to the sensor unit antenna and configured to detect a second signal strength of the harmonic received by the sensor unit antenna.

According to an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus which quantitatively evaluates a braze bonding length. A radiation emission unit emits radiation to each of a plurality of partial specimens which are obtained by cutting a specimen in a plane perpendicular to a braze bonding length direction. A light generator generates light of an amount corresponding to an intensity of transmissive radiation. An imaging unit photographs this light. A calculator calculates a braze bonding length of each of the partial specimens, from a light amount obtained with respect to each of the partial specimens, based on a correlation between a braze bonding length and a light amount. The calculator further calculates the braze bonding length of the specimen by totaling the braze bonding lengths of the respective partial specimens.

A method for preparing surrogate calibration standards for web gauging, is provided. The method includes providing linearizations for one or more radiometric gauges, each linearization associated with a radiometric gauge and relating the basis weight of real standards, comprising a lithium ion battery (LIB) electrode material, to transmission of the radiation through the LIB electrode material. The method also includes providing one or more surrogate standards comprising an inert material having an effective Z (Z.sub.surrogate) substantially the same as an effective Z (Z.sub.real) of the LIB material in the real standards. The method further includes assigning to each surrogate standard a surrogate basis weight based on a transmission of radiation through the surrogate standard and the linearizations

A method of measuring a flow line deposit comprising: providing a pipe comprising the flow line deposit; measuring unattenuated photon counts across the pipe; and analyzing the measured unattenuated photon counts to determine the thickness of the flow line deposit and associated systems.

A test block is formed of at least one profile block and one mating block, wherein the two blocks lying one on top of the other with varying thickness combinations are radiographed together, in order to ascertain, for the pairings of the materials in the respective thickness, in each case a reference value relating to their common radiographic properties.

An automatic x-ray inspection system and method for inspecting objects, containing a cabinet, a path for an object to roll within the cabinet, from an entry point to an exit point, wherein the path utilizes gravity to alter the position and orientation of the object as it travels along the path, an x-ray imaging system to image the object along the path within the cabinet, wherein the x-ray imaging system has a field of view that captures views of the object along the object's travel, and a computer algorithm to determine a thickness of at least one of a shell and center of the object, wherein if a uniform thickness is determined, the object is tagged as passed or non-passed.

A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.