A sensor element for thermal anemometry includes a semiconductor substrate and a thin-film diaphragm attached to the semiconductor substrate and having a front side and a rear side. A resistive heating element and a temperature-dependent resistor are attached to the front side of the thin-film diaphragm. In the area of the rear side of the thin-film diaphragm, the semiconductor substrate has a first recess. A silicon layer including a recess which merges with the first recess of the semiconductor substrate is located between the thin-film diaphragm and the semiconductor substrate.

A sensor element for thermal anemometry includes a semiconductor substrate and a thin-film diaphragm attached to the semiconductor substrate and having a front side and a rear side. A resistive heating element and a temperature-dependent resistor are attached to the front side of the thin-film diaphragm. In the area of the rear side of the thin-film diaphragm, the semiconductor substrate has a first recess. A silicon layer including a recess which merges with the first recess of the semiconductor substrate is located between the thin-film diaphragm and the semiconductor substrate.

A density measurement system for measuring the density of a material within a region, the density measurement system comprises: a plurality of electrodes arranged around the region; an energisation source arranged to apply an electrical signal to at least one of said electrodes; a monitor arranged to monitor an electrical parameter at at least one of said electrodes, the monitored electrical parameter being caused to change in response to flow of electrical current within the region; and a processor arranged to: generate data indicative of the complex impedance of the material within the region based upon the monitored electrical parameter; and generate data indicative of the density of the material based upon the data indicative of the complex impedance of the material.

An agricultural implement system is provided including a fluid conduit configured to provide product to a ground engaging tool. The ground engaging tool is configured to deposit the product into soil. The agricultural implement system also includes an air source fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, and configured to provide an air flow through the fluid conduit in a downstream direction toward the ground engaging tool. The agricultural implement system further includes a product delivery system fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, and configured to transfer the product into the air flow. In addition, the agricultural implement system includes a product flow measurement system configured to determine a mass flow rate of the product based on a pressure drop between an upstream portion of the fluid conduit and a downstream portion of the fluid conduit, a flow rate of the air flow, and a velocity of the air flow.

An agricultural implement system is provided including a fluid conduit configured to provide product to a ground engaging tool. The ground engaging tool is configured to deposit the product into soil. The agricultural implement system also includes an air source fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, and configured to provide an air flow through the fluid conduit in a downstream direction toward the ground engaging tool. The agricultural implement system further includes a product delivery system fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, and configured to transfer the product into the air flow. In addition, the agricultural implement system includes a product flow measurement system configured to determine a mass flow rate of the product based on a pressure drop between an upstream portion of the fluid conduit and a downstream portion of the fluid conduit, a flow rate of the air flow, and a velocity of the air flow.

A method for determining an estimated flow rate of fluid flow in a pump comprises: obtaining measurements of the pressure and temperature of fluid at the intake to the pump, the pressure and temperature of the fluid at the discharge from the pump, and the electrical power supplied to the pump; determining values representing either the density of the fluid and the specific heat capacity of the fluid, or the specific fluid enthalpy based on measurements and/or historical data; and calculating an estimated efficiency of the pump and an estimated flow rate of the fluid based on the measured electrical power, the measured temperatures, the measured pressures, the determined value for density and the determined value for specific heat capacity or the determined value for specific fluid enthalpy.

A method for determining an estimated flow rate of fluid flow in a pump comprises: obtaining measurements of the pressure and temperature of fluid at the intake to the pump, the pressure and temperature of the fluid at the discharge from the pump, and the electrical power supplied to the pump; determining values representing either the density of the fluid and the specific heat capacity of the fluid, or the specific fluid enthalpy based on measurements and/or historical data; and calculating an estimated efficiency of the pump and an estimated flow rate of the fluid based on the measured electrical power, the measured temperatures, the measured pressures, the determined value for density and the determined value for specific heat capacity or the determined value for specific fluid enthalpy.

A system for determining performance data of plants growing in a field. The system comprises a mass flow meter for generating mass data related to the mass of plant product passed through the mass flow meter, and that is communicatively connected to a computer based data processing system; a temperature sensor for determining the temperature of the air adjacent the mass flow meter or within the mass flow meter, and that communicatively connected to the computer based data processing system, and a moisture sensor for determining the moisture of air adjacent the mass flow meter or within the mass flow meter, and that is communicatively connected to the computer based data processing system. The computer based data processing system is structured and operable to utilize the mass data, the air temperature and the air moisture to determine a yield of the plants from which the plant product was harvested.

A system for determining performance data of plants growing in a field. The system comprises a mass flow meter for generating mass data related to the mass of plant product passed through the mass flow meter, and that is communicatively connected to a computer based data processing system; a temperature sensor for determining the temperature of the air adjacent the mass flow meter or within the mass flow meter, and that communicatively connected to the computer based data processing system, and a moisture sensor for determining the moisture of air adjacent the mass flow meter or within the mass flow meter, and that is communicatively connected to the computer based data processing system. The computer based data processing system is structured and operable to utilize the mass data, the air temperature and the air moisture to determine a yield of the plants from which the plant product was harvested.

Methods and apparatus for non-invasive determination of one or more physical properties of a material in a conduit are presented. In one example, the method comprises initiating a vibration on a wall of the conduit at a first location, capturing a response to the vibration at the first location, capturing a response to the vibration at a second location, and determining at least one physical property of the material based on at least one of the captured responses at the first location and the second location.