A fluid level sensor assembly comprises a sensor mounted to a sensor housing. A carrier extends from the sensor housing in an angled orientation. A float is located within the carrier such that the float may move along a longitudinal axis of the carrier. A fragment is secured to the float, and the sensor detects a location of the fragment as the float moves within the carrier.

A system and method for stock-out detection in a retail environment. The method includes sending, from a reference ultrasound emitter, a reference ultrasound pulse that is at least partially reflected by a retail shelf so as to form a return pulse. The return pulse is received at a reference ultrasound receiver. A reference round-trip-delay (RTD) corresponding to a time period between the sending of the reference pulse and the receiving of the return pulse is determined. A monitoring ultrasound pulse is sent toward the retail shelf and a reflection of the monitoring ultrasound pulse is received. A stock-out condition is determined based upon a comparison of the reference RTD and a monitored RTD associated with the monitoring ultrasound pulse.

Disclosed is a toilet bowl water level gauge and associated methods. In one embodiment, the toilet bowl water level gauge comprises a gauge assembly having a stem with a float, and a sleeve, wherein the stem is inserted in the sleeve and slides through the sleeve. Also, the toilet bowl water level gauge comprises a support attached to the gauge assembly, the support being adapted to engage a rim of a toilet bowl. In addition, bowl level sensors are employed for automated calibration of an automated bowl fill system.

Disclosed is a toilet bowl water level gauge and associated methods. In one embodiment, the toilet bowl water level gauge comprises a gauge assembly having a stem with a float, and a sleeve, wherein the stem is inserted in the sleeve and slides through the sleeve. Also, the toilet bowl water level gauge comprises a support attached to the gauge assembly, the support being adapted to engage a rim of a toilet bowl. In addition, bowl level sensors are employed for automated calibration of an automated bowl fill system.

A flow switch assembly features a two-part base assembly having lower and upper base parts. The lower base part is made from a metallic material, adapted on piping having a fluid flow, and configured with a central orifice to receive a paddle arm that pivots on an axis and responds to fluid flow in the piping. The upper base part is made from a non-metallic material, configured with a corresponding central orifice to receive the paddle arm, and configured with a channel to receive a pivot arm to mount and allow the paddle arm to pivot on the axis to actuate an ON/OFF switch in response to fluid flow. The non-metallic material has a lower coefficient of heat transfer than the metallic material to reduce condensation build-up in the flow switch assembly when the flow switch assembly is used in cold applications and exposed to temperatures below freezing.

A flow switch assembly features a two-part base assembly having lower and upper base parts. The lower base part is made from a metallic material, adapted on piping having a fluid flow, and configured with a central orifice to receive a paddle arm that pivots on an axis and responds to fluid flow in the piping. The upper base part is made from a non-metallic material, configured with a corresponding central orifice to receive the paddle arm, and configured with a channel to receive a pivot arm to mount and allow the paddle arm to pivot on the axis to actuate an ON/OFF switch in response to fluid flow. The non-metallic material has a lower coefficient of heat transfer than the metallic material to reduce condensation build-up in the flow switch assembly when the flow switch assembly is used in cold applications and exposed to temperatures below freezing.

Disclosed are a system and method for measuring the permeability of a material. A test chamber includes first and second sides, separated by a material undergoing testing. A blower applies pressurized air to the first side of the chamber, air permeating through the material enters the second side of the chamber where the volume of the permeated air is measured by an air volume measuring device. The measuring device includes first and second float boxes, each suspended in a water tank so that a captured volume of air raises the float box within the water tank. With the volume of air permeated and the elapsed time, the permeability of the material can be calculated. In alternative embodiments additional environmental conditions are introduced, including heat, cooling, and water spray. Field test configurations of the test system are also disclosed.

Devices and methods for a vertical float system. A float guide, located in a tank containing a fluid, has first and second sections with a first diameter and a third section between the first and second section. The third section has a smaller, second diameter. A float is slidably attached to the float guide in the third section. The system includes a switch and a level sensor located in the first section or the second section. The switch becomes activated when the float contacts the level sensor. One of an inner face of the float and the third section of the float guide has projections arranged in a contiguous pattern around the one of the inner face of the float and the third section of said float guide. The projections are shaped to establish point contacts between the float and the float guide in the third section.

A biochar production system includes a reactor body, a central rod disposed within the reactor body, a leveling arm extending from the central rod and configured to rotate about the central rod, and a bed level sensor system. The bed level sensor system includes a float configured to move from a resting position on a biomass in the reactor to an ending position upon contact with the leveling arm, and a level sensor coupled to the float via a connector. The level sensor is configured to correspondingly move with the float. A controller is configured to detect bed levels of the biomass within the reactor body, and determine a plurality of sample readings based on the detected bed levels.

A biochar production system includes a reactor body, a central rod disposed within the reactor body, a leveling arm extending from the central rod and configured to rotate about the central rod, and a bed level sensor system. The bed level sensor system includes a float configured to move from a resting position on a biomass in the reactor to an ending position upon contact with the leveling arm, and a level sensor coupled to the float via a connector. The level sensor is configured to correspondingly move with the float. A controller is configured to detect bed levels of the biomass within the reactor body, and determine a plurality of sample readings based on the detected bed levels.