In a load weighing method for a wheel loader, an inclined angle of a ground surface on a slope where the wheel loader is working is detected. A change in a boom angle and a change in a pressure of a boom cylinder are detected while pivoting the boom and an attachment connected to the boom when a load is placed on the attachment. Weight of the load is calculated using the inclined angle of the ground surface, the change in the boom angle, and the change in the pressure of the boom cylinder as variables of a rotational dynamic equation for the pivot of the boom.

A segment of roadway including a body and a strain sensor array embedded in the body. The strain sensor array includes vehicle-strain sensors configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface. The strain sensor array includes an optical fiber cable comprising the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors, and the optical fiber cable is embedded in a configuration that includes a bend with a bend radius of at least twenty millimeters (20 mm). Each of the vehicle-strain sensors is separated from the bend by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm), and each of the vehicle-strain sensors is separated from each other of the vehicle-strain sensors by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm).

A segment of roadway includes a body having a top surface and a strain sensor array comprising one or more optical fiber cables embedded in the body. The strain sensor array includes an integrity sensor and vehicle-strain sensors. The vehicle-strain sensors are configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface. Each of the vehicle-strain sensors has at least one of a spatial resolution and a length extending substantially parallel to a direction of travel of equal to or less than fifty centimeters (50 cm), and the integrity sensor has at least one of a spatial resolution and a length of greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm).

A modular pavement slab comprises a body, a strain sensor array, and a sensor processor. The body includes a top surface, a bottom surface, and four side surfaces. The modular pavement slab is configured to be coupled to at least one other modular pavement slab via connectors along at least one of the side surfaces. The strain sensor array is retained within the body and is configured to detect a plurality of strains on the body resulting from vehicular traffic across the top surface of the body. The sensor processor is in communication with the strain sensor array. The sensor processor is configured to communicate input signals to the strain sensor array, receive output signals from the strain sensor array, and determine a plurality of time-varying strain values, each strain value indicating a strain experienced over time by a successive one of a plurality of regions of the body.

A segment of roadway includes a body having a top surface, a length along a direction of travel that is bisected by a length midpoint, and a width perpendicular to the direction of travel and bisected by a width midpoint. A strain sensor array is embedded in the body and includes a plurality of vehicle-strain sensors having at least one of a length and a spatial resolution along the length dimension of equal to or less than fifty centimeters (50 cm). The plurality of vehicle-strain sensors are configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface, and are distributed across the body such that at least thirty percent (30%) of the vehicle-strain sensors are positioned on each side of each of the length and width midpoints.

A segment of roadway includes a body comprising pavement materials and having a top surface and a strain sensor array embedded in the body. The strain sensor array includes vehicle-strain sensors configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface. Each of the vehicle-strain sensors is configured to operate at a scanning rate of at least five hundred Hertz (500 Hz).

A segment of roadway includes a body having a top surface and a sensor array with one or more optical fiber cables embedded in the body. The sensor array includes vehicle-strain sensors configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface and a temperature sensor configured to detect temperature within the body. The temperature sensor is surrounded by an air gap encased in a housing.

A weighing device for determining a center of gravity of a motor vehicle includes at least two weighing elements where a respective measured value characterizing a weight of the motor vehicle is determinable by each of the at least two weighing elements. The respective measured values are receivable from the at least two weighing elements by a computing device and the center of gravity of the motor vehicle is determinable depending on the respective measured values by the computing device. An alignment of the at least two weighing elements relative to one another is adjustable by a displacement device.

A segment of roadway includes a body having a top surface and a sensor array comprising one or more optical fiber cables embedded in the body. The sensor array includes an integrity sensor and a temperature sensor. The integrity sensor is configured to monitor the body for structural damage and has a length of greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm). The temperature sensor is configured to detect temperature within the body and is surrounded by an air gap encased in a housing.