An apparatus includes a light senor having directional sensitivity. The light sensor includes multiple light sensitive elements disposed below the same aperture. Each of the light sensitive elements has a respective field of view through the aperture that differs from the field of view of the other light sensitive elements. Signals from the light sensor can facilitate determining the direction of incoming light.

Example embodiments described herein involve a system for testing a light-emitting module. The light-emitting module may include a mounting platform configured to hold a light-emitting module for a camera. The mounting platform may also be configured to rotate. The system may further include a housing holding a plurality of photodiodes arranged in an array over at least a 90 degree arc of a hemisphere. The system may also include a controller configured to control the photodiodes and the rotation of the mounting platform.

A sensor module includes: a sensor carrier for accommodating a sensor; and a housing having two coaxial cylindrical holders in which cylindrical ends of the sensor carrier are mounted to rotate around an axis. The sensor module fixes the sensor carrier in an adjustable angular position relative to the housing by producing a force-fitting or form-fitting connection between the housing and an outer surface region of the sensor carrier.

The invention relates to a method for photometrical charting of a reflectance standard (Z) illuminated by a license plate light (1). A camera (4) releasable by a control unit (5) is arranged and aligned relative to a holding device (3) configured for holding a reflectance standard (Z) in such a way, that a luminance density image (B1, B2) recorded by the camera (4) at least covers the reflective surface (Z.1) of a reflectance standard (Z) held by the holding device (3). A license plate light (1) is arranged in a positioning device (2) which is movable by the control unit (5). The positioning device (2) is controlled by the control unit (5) in such a way that the license plate light (1) arranged therein is traversed to at least one position (P1, P2), optionally to multiple positions (P1, P2) sequentially, relative to the reflectance standard (Z) arranged in the holding device (3) and held there. In each position (P1, P2), recording of at least one luminance density image (B1, B2) is triggered. An overall image (B) is formed from the recorded luminance density images (B1, B2) recorded by the camera (4). Furthermore, the invention relates to an arrangement for performing this method.

An object is efficiently scanned across thereof using electromagnetic waves. An electromagnetic wave detection apparatus includes a switching unit, a controller, and a first detector. The switching unit includes a plurality of subdivisions that are arranged on a reference surface and can be switched to a first state for causing incident electromagnetic waves to progress in a first direction. The controller is configured to simultaneously set some of the plurality of subdivisions located apart from one another along at least one direction of the reference surface, from among the plurality of subdivisions, to the first state. The first detector is configured to detect electromagnetic waves progressing in the first direction.

Methods and systems for controlling tintable windows based on cloud detection.

The invention relates to a method for photometrical charting of a reflectance standard (Z) illuminated by a license plate light (1). A camera (4) releasable by a control unit (5) is arranged and aligned relative to a holding device (3) configured for holding a reflectance standard (Z) in such a way, that a luminance density image (B1, B2) recorded by the camera (4) at least covers the reflective surface (Z.1) of a reflectance standard (Z) held by the holding device (3). A license plate light (1) is arranged in a positioning device (2) which is movable by the control unit (5). The positioning device (2) is controlled by the control unit (5) in such a way that the license plate light (1) arranged therein is traversed to at least one position (P1, P2), optionally to multiple positions (P1, P2) sequentially, relative to the reflectance standard (Z) arranged in the holding device (3) and held there. In each position (P1, P2), recording of at least one luminance density image (B1, B2) is triggered. An overall image (B) is formed from the recorded luminance density images (B1, B2) recorded by the camera (4). Furthermore, the invention relates to an arrangement for performing this method.

The invention relates to a method and to a gonioradiometer for the direction-dependent measurement of at least one lighting or radiometric characteristic variable of an optical radiation source (2) installed in an object (1). The method comprises: arranging the object (1) on a rotary table (3) which defines a first coordinate system, wherein the object (1) is arranged on the rotary table (3) such that the radiation concentration point of the optical radiation source (2) is spaced apart from the origin (O) of the first coordinate system; determining the position of the radiation concentration point of the optical radiation source (2) relative to the origin (O) of the first coordinate system (relative position); performing a gonioradiometric measurement which comprises a rotation of the object (1) in the first coordinate system, the object (1) being rotated on the rotary table (3) about the axis of rotation (31) of the rotary table (3); detecting a measurement variable of the radiation source (2) in a direction-dependent manner by means of the gonioradiometric measurement; calculating the measurement variable for the plurality of emission directions in a second coordinate system, the radiation concentration point of the optical radiation source (2) being located in the origin of the coordinate system, based on the direction-dependently detected values of the measurement variable, which have been determined in the first coordinate system, and the relative position, wherein the measurement variable is equal to the characteristic variable to be measured or the characteristic variable to be measured is calculated from the measurement variable.

Certain aspects pertain to a combination sensor comprising a set of physical sensors facing different directions proximate a structure, and configured to measure solar radiation in different directions. The combination sensor also comprises a virtual facade-aligned sensor configured to determine a combi-sensor value at a facade of the structure based on solar radiation readings from the set of physical sensors.

Example embodiments described herein involve a system for testing a light-emitting module. The light-emitting module may include a mounting platform configured to hold a light-emitting module for a camera. The mounting platform may also be configured to rotate. The system may further include a housing holding a plurality of photodiodes arranged in an array over at least a 90 degree arc of a hemisphere. The system may also include a controller configured to control the photodiodes and the rotation of the mounting platform.