A chiral molecule can be defined as a molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. These mirror images can be referred to as enantiomers. The enantiomers generally have the same set of bond lengths and bond angles in their three-dimensional geometry. Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to perform analysis of chiral molecules using cavity-enhanced molecular rotational spectroscopy. A sample cell can define a resonant cavity, and a sample introduction port can provide pulse jet injection of an analyte molecule and a chiral tag to allow analysis of a complex comprising the analyte and chiral tag.

Described herein are technologies pertaining to computing the solar irradiance distribution on a surface of a receiver in a concentrating solar power system or glint/glare emitted from a reflective entity. At least one camera captures images of the Sun and the entity of interest, wherein the images have pluralities of pixels having respective pluralities of intensity values. Based upon the intensity values of the pixels in the respective images, the solar irradiance distribution on the surface of the entity or glint/glare corresponding to the entity is computed.

In order to provide an optical sensor that can accurately sense a direction of movement of an object to be sensed even in a case where disturbance light is present, an optical sensor of the present invention includes: a light-emitting element; a circularly-segmented light-receiving element group (RDPD), including light-receiving elements circularly provided at edges of a region on which reflected light from an object to be sensed reflecting light emitted by the light-emitting element is incident, for generating respective photocurrents upon receiving the reflected light; and a gesture circuit section for sensing a direction of movement of the object to be sensed upon receiving the photocurrents generated by the light-receiving elements included in the circularly-segmented light-receiving element group (RDPD).

An inspection apparatus includes a light emitting unit, a first lens, an aperture unit, a second lens, a light receiving unit, and an inspection unit. The light emitting unit emits irradiation light to an object to be inspected. The first lens changes a divergence level of the irradiation light which is emitted from the light emitting unit and is transmitted through the first lens. The aperture unit has an opening which narrows the irradiation light transmitted through the first lens. The second lens condenses the irradiation light passing through the opening, toward the object. The light receiving unit is disposed between the aperture unit and the second lens. The light receiving unit includes plural light receiving elements which receives reflected light obtained by the irradiation light being emitted to the object and then being transmitted through the second lens.

A method and apparatus for photon, ion or particle counting described that provides seven orders of magnitude of linear dynamic range (LDR) for a single detector. By explicitly considering the log-normal probability distribution in voltage transients as a function of the number of photons, ions or particles present, the binomial distribution of observed counts for a given threshold, the mean number of photons, ions or particles can be determined well beyond the conventional limit.

A method and apparatus for photon, ion or particle counting described that provides seven orders of magnitude of linear dynamic range (LDR) for a single detector. By explicitly considering the log-normal probability distribution in voltage transients as a function of the number of photons, ions or particles present, the binomial distribution of observed counts for a given threshold, the mean number of photons, ions or particles can be determined well beyond the conventional limit.

The present application discloses device and system embodiments that address mobile device integration considerations for various categories of UV sensors, including cameras, photodiodes, and chemical sensors. The UV sensors may use the functionalities of the existing in-built sensors in conventional mobile devices, and/or integrate additional components specific to UV sensing. By optimally positioning the sensors, UV sensing and other collateral functionalities (e.g., charging a photovoltaic cell integrated with the mobile device) can be realized in parallel.

Algorithms for detecting whether a device is properly secured to a user's skin are described. The operation of a device, such as a wearable device, can be adjusted based on whether the device is properly secured to a user's skin (e.g., on-wrist) or not properly secured to the user's skin (e.g., off-wrist). For example, certain functions can be disabled for power-saving, security or other purposes if the device is off-wrist. In order to avoid falsely identifying the device as off-wrist or on-wrist, algorithms for detecting whether the device is on-wrist or off-wrist can calculate one or more variances based on signals measured by a light sensor and compare the one or more variances with one or more thresholds. Comparing the one or more variances to the one or more threshold can improve the accuracy of wrist-detection algorithms.

The present disclosure provides a method and a device for measuring mura levels of liquid crystal display devices. The method includes steps of: acquiring correspondence between standard brightness data differences and standard mura levels; acquiring a measurement brightness data difference of a test image displayed by a to-be-tested liquid crystal display device before and after the measurement; and acquiring a mura level corresponding to the measurement brightness data difference in accordance with the correspondence.

The present disclosure provides a method and a device for measuring mura levels of liquid crystal display devices. The method includes steps of: acquiring correspondence between standard brightness data differences and standard mura levels; acquiring a measurement brightness data difference of a test image displayed by a to-be-tested liquid crystal display device before and after the measurement; and acquiring a mura level corresponding to the measurement brightness data difference in accordance with the correspondence.