A solar irradiance intensity estimation apparatus has an estimation model generation unit that generates estimation models of solar radiation intensities at a plurality of observation points based on observed cloud state data and solar radiation intensities observed at the plurality of observation points, an estimation model interpolation unit that generates an estimation model of a solar irradiance intensity at a target point based on the estimation models of solar radiation intensities at the plurality of observation points, and a solar irradiance intensity estimation unit that estimates a solar irradiance intensity at the target point based on a reflection intensity at the target point obtained from the cloud state data and the estimation model of a solar irradiance intensity at the target point.

A modulated light source includes an FP laser that emits light in a plurality of Fabry-Perot (FP) modes, a band-pass filter whose center wavelength can be modulated, a light reflector that selectively feeds only light having passed through the modulation filter back to the FP laser, and a wavelength adjustment mechanism that adjusts the center wavelength so as to coincide with one of the predetermined FP mode when the light fed back to the FP laser is used as seed light for stimulated emission of radiation to cause selective light emission at an oscillation wavelength.

A vehicle detector assembly for detecting solar radiation may include a housing, a fixed plate fixed to an upper surface of the housing in a flat form, a plurality of photo detectors bonded to a surface of the fixed plate, each being connected to a lead having a uniform one-directional inclination structure, and a detector cap fastened to the housing and transmitting sunlight.

An apparatus include one or more DACs and a resistor divider are configured to generate a variable bias voltage V.sub.BIAS with respect to a CM voltage V.sub.CM. The CM voltage V.sub.CM is applied to a cathode of one or more thermopiles or a negative input of one or more amplifiers to prevent saturation and over range of one or more low voltage readout amplifiers and one or more ADCs.

An apparatus include one or more DACs and a resistor divider are configured to generate a variable bias voltage V.sub.BIAS with respect to a CM voltage V.sub.CM. The CM voltage V.sub.CM is applied to a cathode of one or more thermopiles or a negative input of one or more amplifiers to prevent saturation and over range of one or more low voltage readout amplifiers and one or more ADCs.

An optical sensing apparatus including a light sensor, a plurality of light-emitting devices, and a controller is provided. The light sensor is disposed on a substrate. The light sensor senses a light reflection signal in a sensing area of the optical sensing apparatus. The light-emitting devices are disposed on the substrate and around the light sensor. The light-emitting devices provide an optical signal to be transmitted into the human tissue. Then, the optical signal is reflected by the human tissue to generate the light reflection signal. The controller determines whether the position of the human tissue has been changed in the sensing area. The controller drives at least one light-emitting device of the light-emitting devices and adjusts the light intensity thereof to provide the appropriate optical signal. Besides, a measuring method of the optical sensing apparatus is proposed.

An approach for controlling ultraviolet intensity over a surface of a light sensitive object is described. Aspects involve using ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength range that includes ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation to irradiate the surface. Light sensors measure light intensity at the surface, wherein each sensor measures light intensity in a wavelength range that corresponds to a wavelength range emitted from at least one of the sources. A controller controls the light intensity over the surface by adjusting the power of the sources as a function of the light intensity measurements. The controller uses the light intensity measurements to determine whether each source is illuminating the surface with an intensity that is within an acceptable variation with a predetermined intensity value targeted for the surface. The controller adjusts the power of the sources as a function of the variation to ensure an optimal distribution of light intensity over the surface.

An approach for controlling ultraviolet intensity over a surface of a light sensitive object is described. Aspects involve using ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength range that includes ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation to irradiate the surface. Light sensors measure light intensity at the surface, wherein each sensor measures light intensity in a wavelength range that corresponds to a wavelength range emitted from at least one of the sources. A controller controls the light intensity over the surface by adjusting the power of the sources as a function of the light intensity measurements. The controller uses the light intensity measurements to determine whether each source is illuminating the surface with an intensity that is within an acceptable variation with a predetermined intensity value targeted for the surface. The controller adjusts the power of the sources as a function of the variation to ensure an optimal distribution of light intensity over the surface.

In an example, an example article may include a spatially variant microreplicated layer optically coupled to a wavelength selective filter. The wavelength selective filter may have a light incidence angle-dependent optical band. The spatially variant microreplicated layer may be configured to transmit light to a first optical region of the wavelength selective filter at a first predetermined incidence angle and to a second optical region of the wavelength selective filter at a second predetermined incidence angle.

In an example, an example article may include a spatially variant microreplicated layer optically coupled to a wavelength selective filter. The wavelength selective filter may have a light incidence angle-dependent optical band. The spatially variant microreplicated layer may be configured to transmit light to a first optical region of the wavelength selective filter at a first predetermined incidence angle and to a second optical region of the wavelength selective filter at a second predetermined incidence angle.