A plasma generating system includes a waveguide for transmitting a microwave energy therethrough and an inner wall disposed within the waveguide to define a plasma cavity, where a plasma is generated within the plasma cavity using the microwave energy. The plasma generating system further includes: an adaptor having a gas outlet through which an exhaust gas processed by the plasma exits the plasma cavity; and a recuperator directly attached to the adaptor and having a gas passageway that is in fluid communication with the gas outlet in the adaptor. The recuperator recovers heat energy from the exhaust gas and heats an input gas using the heat energy.

The present invention provides a plasma generating system that includes: a waveguide; a plasma cavity coupled to the waveguide and configured to generate a plasma therewithin by use of microwave energy; a hollow cylinder protruding from a wall of the waveguide and having a bottom cap that has an aperture; a detection unit for receiving the light emitted by the plasma through the aperture and configured to measure intensities of the light in an ultraviolet (UV) range and an infrared (IR) range; and a controller for controlling the detection unit.

A resistive environmental sensor including an electrode stack and a sensing layer is provided. The electrode stack includes a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a dielectric layer disposed between the first and second electrode layers, wherein the electrode stack includes a side surface, and the first and second electrode layers are exposed on the side surface of the electrode stack. The sensing layer is disposed on the side surface of the electrode stack, and the sensing layer s in contact with the first and second electrode layers. An environmental variation is inspected by sensing a resistance variation of the sensing layer that is between the first and second electrode layers. The above-mentioned sensor is capable of sensing gases, light, humidity, temperature, and so on. The above-mentioned sensor has advantages of low resistivity and good sensitivity.

A flame detection system includes: an optical sensor that detects light generated from a light source; an applied voltage generating circuit that periodically applies a drive pulse voltage to the optical sensor, discharge determining portion that detects a discharge from the optical sensor, a discharge probability calculating portion that calculates a discharge probability based on a number of times of application of the drive pulse voltage and a number of times of discharge detected in the a first state in which the optical sensor is shielded from light and a second state in which the optical sensor can receive light, a sensitivity parameter storing portion storing known sensitivity parameters of the optical sensor; and a received light quantity calculating portion that calculates the received light quantity by the optical sensor in the second state based on the sensitivity parameters and the discharge probabilities calculated in the first and second states.

A flame detection system includes: an optical sensor that detects light emitted from a light source; an applied voltage generating circuit that applies a drive pulse voltage to the optical sensor; a discharge determining portion that detects a discharge from the optical sensor; a discharge probability calculating portion calculates discharge probabilities in a first state and a second state in which the optical sensor is shielded from light and a pulse width of the drive pulse voltage is different; a storing portion storing a reference pulse width as a sensitivity parameter; and a discharge probability calculating portion that calculates a discharge probability of an irregular discharge occurring without depending on the received light quantity by the optical sensor based on the sensitivity parameter, the discharge probabilities calculated in the first and second states and the pulse widths of the drive pulse voltage in the first and second states.

An electromagnetic wave detector, which photoelectrically converts and detects an electromagnetic wave incident on a graphene layer, including: a substrate having a front surface and a back surface; a lower insulating layer provided on the front surface of the substrate; a ferroelectric layer and a pair of electrodes provided on the lower insulating layer, the pair of electrodes arranged to face each other with the ferroelectric layer sandwiched therebetween; an upper insulating layer provided on the ferroelectric layer; and a graphene layer arranged on the lower insulating layer and the upper insulating layer to connect the two electrodes. Alternatively, the electromagnetic wave detector includes: a graphene layer provided on the lower insulating layer; and a ferroelectric layer provided on the graphene layer with an upper insulating layer interposed therebetween and a pair of electrodes provided on the graphene layer to face each other with the ferroelectric layer sandwiched therebetween.

An optical sensor device comprises a first and a second optical sensor arrangement. In the first optical sensor arrangement at least one optical sensor structure measures the incidence angle of incoming light that is approximately on the main beam axis of a light source. The second optical sensor arrangement comprises at least one optical sensor structure with at least one optical sensor, at least two metal layers and opaque walls optically isolating the optical sensor. An evaluation circuit provides an output signal of the second optical sensor arrangement under the condition that the incidence angle measured by the first optical sensor arrangement lies within a set interval.

The invention relates to a testing kit to test dental unit waterlines to meet the CDC water safety monitoring guideline using EPA compliant standards.

The CDC recommends water used in non-surgical procedures to be delivered from dental unit waterlines that follow the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) standard for safe drinking, which contain less than or equal to 500 colony forming units of heterotrophic bacteria per milliliter of water (500 CFU/mL).

The goal of the invention is the development of a cost effective in-office test kit to monitor the safety of dental unit waterlines by following suggested EPA protocol of counting bacteria colonies after bacteria has gone through an incubation period.

An integrated ultraviolet (UV) detector includes a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate, supporting metal oxide field effect transistors (MOSFETs), Schottky photodiodes, and PN Junction photodiodes. The MOSFET includes a first drain/source implant in the SiC substrate and a second drain/source implant in the SiC substrate. The Schottky photodiodes include another implant in the SiC substrate and a surface metal area configured to pass UV light.

The invention relates to a compact wideband vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and soft X-ray grazing incidence spectrometer based on a plane amplitude diffraction grating. The spectrometer enables simultaneous detection of a VUV spectrum in a positive first order of diffraction and a negative first order of diffraction. The technical result of the invention is that of recording a spectrum in a wide spectral range (3-200 nm) with a moderate spectral resolution (/15-30) and with a significantly higher spectral resolution (/100-200) in a narrow soft X-ray or extreme ultraviolet range with the possibility of measuring the absolute radiation output in these regions of the spectrum.