An optical detector includes a semiconductor base portion of a first conductivity type having a first surface and a second surface and provided with a projection projecting from the second surface, a first metal electrode layer provided on the first surface or the second surface of the semiconductor base portion, a semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type having a first portion covering the second surface of the semiconductor base portion and second portions covering side surfaces of the projection, and a second metal electrode layer provided in close contact with the second semiconductor layer such that the projection and the second portions of the second semiconductor layer are interposed therebetween. An MIM resonator is constituted by the projection, the second portions of the second semiconductor layer, and the second metal electrode layer between which the projection and the second portions of the semiconductor layer are interposed.

An optical device includes a magnetic element and a light application part, wherein the light application part configured to apply light to the magnetic element, the magnetic element includes a first ferromagnetic layer to which the light is applied, a second ferromagnetic layer, and a spacer layer sandwiched between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer, and magnetization of the first ferromagnetic layer is inclined with respect to both an in-plane direction in which the first ferromagnetic layer extends and a surface-perpendicular direction perpendicular to a surface on which the first ferromagnetic layer extends in a state in which the light is not applied from the light application part to the magnetic element.

A method of interrupt control for a control unit of an electronic system includes receiving digital data; determining a value of the digital data; and sending interrupt signals to a host by the following methods according to the value: when the control unit is in a second signal sending status and after the value of the digital data increases to be greater than a first threshold and remains greater than the first threshold for a first period of time, switching the control unit to a first signal sending status; and when the control unit is in the first signal sending status and after the value of the digital data decreases to be smaller than a second threshold and remains smaller than the second threshold for a second period of time, switching the control unit to the second signal sending status. The second threshold is smaller than the first threshold.

Semiconductor devices can include a reservoir of ions and one or more channel regions. Additionally, the semiconductor devices can include one or more diffusion control devices that control the flow of ions from the reservoir to the one or more channel regions. The presence of ions in the one or more channel regions can be detected and used to determine that the semiconductor devices have been subjected to one or more events.

An imaging system that includes an image sensor and imaging optics is provided. The image sensor has a sensing surface and it captures images of a scene. The imaging optics is optically coupled to the image sensor and is configured to form the images of the scene onto the sensing surface of the image sensor. The imaging optics includes a sensor-adjacent optical element having an exit surface located in close proximity to the sensing surface of the image sensor. The exit surface of the sensor-adjacent optical element and the sensing surface of the image sensor are spaced apart by a gap having a gap width enabling evanescent-wave coupling from the exit surface to the sensing surface for light having wavelengths within the sensor spectral range.