A measurement system is provided with an array of laser diodes with one or more Bragg reflectors. At least a portion of the light generated by the array is configured to penetrate tissue comprising skin. A detection system configured to: measure a phase shift, and a time-of-flight, of at least a portion of the light from the array of laser diodes reflected from the tissue relative to the portion of the light generated by the array; generate one or more images of the tissue; detect oxy- or deoxy-hemoglobin in the tissue; non-invasively measure blood in blood vessels within or below a dermis layer within the skin; measure one or more physiological parameters based at least in part on the non-invasively measured blood; and measure a variation in the blood or physiological parameter over a period of time.

The present invention relates to improvement in accuracy of an automatic sample detection technique in spectrometry of a microspectroscope. A microspectroscope 10 comprises: a light source 12 that emits an excitation light to a sample 20; a condensing lens 16 that emits the excitation light to a predetermined position of the sample 20 and condenses a reflected light or a transmitted light from the sample 20; a spectrometer 24 that detects a condensed light; and an analysis control unit 30 for analyzing a signal from the spectrometer 24; the microspectroscope 10 that uses an observation image of the sample 20 to perform spectrometry, wherein the analysis control unit 30 comprises: an image storage part 32 that converts the observation image to an all-in-focus image to store the all-in-focus image; and a control part 34 that makes the microspectroscope 10 to perform measurement, and the control part 34 uses the all-in-focus image and performs a template matching as a matching action of the image to perform position correction to a position deviation of a sample point that is a target of spectrometry in the sample.

The present invention relates to improvement in accuracy of an automatic sample detection technique in spectrometry of a microspectroscope. A microspectroscope 10 comprises: a light source 12 that emits an excitation light to a sample 20; a condensing lens 16 that emits the excitation light to a predetermined position of the sample 20 and condenses a reflected light or a transmitted light from the sample 20; a spectrometer 24 that detects a condensed light; and an analysis control unit 30 for analyzing a signal from the spectrometer 24; the microspectroscope 10 that uses an observation image of the sample 20 to perform spectrometry, wherein the analysis control unit 30 comprises: an image storage part 32 that converts the observation image to an all-in-focus image to store the all-in-focus image; and a control part 34 that makes the microspectroscope 10 to perform measurement, and the control part 34 uses the all-in-focus image and performs a template matching as a matching action of the image to perform position correction to a position deviation of a sample point that is a target of spectrometry in the sample.

A combined multi-spectral and polarization (CMSP) sensor is disclosed that enhances contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The CMSP sensor comprises a multi-spectral and polarization (MSP) filter, a single focal plane array (FPA), and a controller. The FPA comprises a plurality of detectors and the MSP filter comprises at least a first bandpass filter having a first frequency range and a second bandpass filter having a second frequency range that is distinct from the first frequency range and a first polarization filter having a first polarization value and a second polarization filter having a second polarization value that is distinct from the first polarization value.

A spectral feature selection apparatus includes a dispersive optical element arranged to interact with a pulsed light beam; three or more refractive optical elements arranged in a path of the pulsed light beam between the dispersive optical element and a pulsed optical source; and one or more actuation systems, each actuation system associated with a refractive optical element and configured to rotate the associated refractive optical element to thereby adjust a spectral feature of the pulsed light beam. At least one of the actuation systems is a rapid actuation system that includes a rapid actuator configured to rotate its associated refractive optical element about a rotation axis. The rapid actuator includes a rotary stepper motor having a rotation shaft that rotates about a shaft axis that is parallel with the rotation axis of the associated refractive optical element.

A spectral feature selection apparatus includes a dispersive optical element arranged to interact with a pulsed light beam; three or more refractive optical elements arranged in a path of the pulsed light beam between the dispersive optical element and a pulsed optical source; and one or more actuation systems, each actuation system associated with a refractive optical element and configured to rotate the associated refractive optical element to thereby adjust a spectral feature of the pulsed light beam. At least one of the actuation systems is a rapid actuation system that includes a rapid actuator configured to rotate its associated refractive optical element about a rotation axis. The rapid actuator includes a rotary stepper motor having a rotation shaft that rotates about a shaft axis that is parallel with the rotation axis of the associated refractive optical element.

A system and method of operating a focal plane array of a camera assembly for a space vehicle in orbit includes scanning across a scene containing a target surface using the focal plane array, generating a plurality of sampled signals for the scene using a plurality of detectors of the focal plane array, co-adding the sampled signals to produce an output having a constant spatial resolution, and correcting a temporal shift in a line-of-sight of the focal plane array by rotating the space vehicle or the camera assembly to null relative motion at a center point of a scan.

A mirror unit 2 includes a mirror device 20 including a base 21 and a movable mirror 22, an optical function member 13, and a fixed mirror 16 that is disposed on a side opposite to the mirror device 20 with respect to the optical function member 13. The optical function member 13 is provided with a light transmitting portion 14 that constitutes a part of an optical path between the beam splitter unit 3 and the fixed mirror 16. The light transmitting portion 14 is a portion that corrects an optical path difference that occurs between an optical path between the beam splitter unit 3 and the movable mirror 22 and the optical path between the beam splitter unit 3 and the fixed mirror 16. The second surface 21b of the base 21 and the third surface 13a of the optical function member 13 are joined to each other.

Methods and apparatuses are disclosed whereby structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is applied to a scanning microscope, such as a confocal laser scanning microscope or sample scanning microscope, in order to improve spatial resolution. Particular aspects of the disclosure relate to the discovery of important advances in the ability to (i) increase light throughput to the sample, thereby increasing the signal/noise ratio and/or decreasing exposure time, as well as (ii) decrease the number of raw images to be processed, thereby decreasing image acquisition time. Both effects give rise to significant improvements in overall performance, to the benefit of users of scanning microscopy.

A spectrometer is provided. In one implementation, for example, a spectrometer comprises an excitation source, a focusing lens, a movable mirror, and an actuator assembly. The focusing lens is adapted to focus an incident beam from the excitation source. The actuator assembly is adapted to control the movable mirror to move a focused incident beam across a surface of the sample.