An endoscopic imaging system for use in a light deficient environment includes an imaging device having a tube, one or more image sensors, and a lens assembly including at least one optical elements that corresponds to the one or more image sensors. The endoscopic system includes a display for a user to visualize a scene and an image signal processing controller. The endoscopic system includes a light engine having an illumination source generating one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation and a lumen transmitting one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation to a distal tip of an endoscope.

Optical spectrometers may be used to determine the spectral components of electromagnetic waves. Spectrometers may be large, bulky devices and may require waves to enter at a nearly direct angle of incidence in order to record a measurement. What is disclosed is an ultra-compact spectrometer with nanophotonic components as light dispersion technology. Nanophotonic components may contain metasurfaces and Bragg filters. Each metasurface may contain light scattering nanostructures that may be randomized to create a large input angle, and the Bragg filter may result in the light dispersion independent of the input angle. The spectrometer may be capable of handling about 200 nm bandwidth. The ultra-compact spectrometer may be able to read image data in the visible (400-600 nm) and to read spectral data in the near-infrared (700-900 nm) wavelength range. The surface area of the spectrometer may be about 1 mm.sup.2, allowing it to fit on mobile devices.

A surgical visualization feedback system is disclosed. The surgical visualization feedback system comprises an emitter assembly configured to emit electromagnetic radiation toward an anatomical structure. The emitter assembly comprises a structured light emitter configured to emit a structured light pattern on a surface of the anatomical structure and a spectral light emitter configured to emit spectral light capable of penetrating the anatomical structure. The surgical visualization feedback system further comprises a waveform sensor assembly configured to detect reflected electromagnetic radiation corresponding to the emitted electromagnetic radiation and a control circuit in signal communication with the waveform sensor assembly. The control circuit is configured to receive an input corresponding to a selected surgical procedure, determine an identity of a targeted structure within the anatomical structure based on the selected surgical procedure and the reflected electromagnetic radiation, and confirm the determined identity of the targeted structure through a user input.

Building blocks are provided for on-chip chemical sensors and other highly-compact photonic integrated circuits combining interband or quantum cascade lasers and detectors with passive waveguides and other components integrated on a III-V or silicon. A MWIR or LWIR laser source is evanescently coupled into a passive extended or resonant-cavity waveguide that provides evanescent coupling to a sample gas (or liquid) for spectroscopic chemical sensing. In the case of an ICL, the uppermost layer of this passive waveguide has a relatively high index of refraction that enables it to form the core of the waveguide, while the ambient air, consisting of the sample gas, functions as the top cladding layer. A fraction of the propagating light beam is absorbed by the sample gas if it contains a chemical species having a fingerprint absorption feature within the spectral linewidth of the laser emission.

Provided are a spectral filter, and an image sensor and an electronic device including the spectral filter. The spectral filter includes: a first metal reflective layer; a second metal reflective layer provided above the first metal reflective layer; a plurality of cavities provided between the first and second metal reflective layers, the plurality of cavities including first patterns corresponding to different center wavelengths; and a plurality of lower pattern films provided below the first metal reflective layers, the plurality of lower pattern films including second patterns corresponding to the different center wavelengths.

Provided is an image sensor including a sensor substrate including a first pixel row and a second pixel row, a spacer layer arranged on the sensor substrate, and a color separating lens array arranged on the spacer layer, in which the color separating lens array includes a first color separating lens array separating, out of incident light, light of a plurality of wavelengths within a first spectral range and condensing the light of the plurality of wavelengths onto a plurality of pixels of the first pixel row and a second color separating lens array separating, out of incident light, light of a plurality of wavelengths within a second spectral range different from the first spectral range and condensing the light of the plurality of wavelengths onto a plurality of pixels of the second pixel row.

An interleaved photon detection array for sampling a physical sample including a plurality of photon detectors, which may be arranged in close proximity to each other. Photon detection array includes at least a first photon detector having at least a first signal detection parameter. Interleaved photon detection array includes at least a second photon detector having at least a second signal detection parameter. Signal detection parameters of the first signal detector and the second signal detector may be heterogeneous. Interleaved photon detection array includes a control circuit coupled to the plurality of photon detectors. Control circuit receives signals from the plurality of photon detectors and renders an image of a physical sample. Additional imaging technology such as ultrasound may be combined with photon detection array.

Systems for and methods for in situ optimization of tunable light emitting diode sources are disclosed herein. During operation, the systems and methods obtain real-time feedback from an image sensor, and that feedback is used to tune the tunable LEDs. By tuning the tunable LEDs, the best values for the LED spectral output can be selected based on the feedback from the image sensor, and an image with improved contrast is obtained. Alternatively, the amount of time to obtain an image with acceptable contrast is reduced.

Example embodiments relate to imaging systems and methods for acquisition of multi-spectral images. One example imaging system includes a detector that includes an array of light sensitive elements arranged in rows and columns. Each light sensitive element is configured to generate a signal dependent on an intensity of light incident onto the light sensitive element. The imaging system also includes a plurality of wavelength separating units. Each wavelength separating unit is configured to spatially separate incident light within a wavelength range into a number of wavelength bands distributed along a line. The line is a straight line. Each wavelength band along the line is associated with a mutually unique light sensitive element. Further, the imaging system includes a processing unit configured to define a number of mutually unique clusters of light sensitive elements for summing signals from the light sensitive elements within the respective clusters.

A sensor system includes an array of optical sensors on an integrated circuit and a plurality of sets of optical filters atop at least a portion of the array. Each set of optical filters is associated with a set of optical sensors of the array, with a set of optical filters including a plurality of optical filters, with each optical filter being configured to pass light in a different wavelength range. A first interface is configured to interface with the optical sensors and first processing circuitry that is configured to execute operational instructions for receiving an output signal representative of received light from the optical sensors and determining a spectral response for each set of optical sensors. A second interface is configured to interface with the first processing circuitry with second processing circuitry that is configured for determining, based on the spectral response for each set of optical sensors, an illuminant spectrum for each spectral response and then substantially remove the illuminant spectrum from the spectral response.