A sensor includes a metal object and a thin film stack formed on at least a part of a surface of the metal object. The thin film stack has an electrically isolating film and a metallic film thereon. A first electrical conductor is defined in the metallic film and is electrically isolated from the metal object and has, in a first end, a connection point connected to a first terminal via a wire and, in a second end, a sensor structure defined in the metallic film. The sensor structure includes a junction of the metallic film penetrating the electrically isolating film to the metal object forming a thermocouple and a metal object terminal connected to a connection point of the metal object via a wire. The connection points of the first electrical conductor and of the metal object are adjacent to and in an isothermal relation with each other.

Provided is a heat-resistant imaging camera configured to move in a high temperature furnace and configured to capture high-definition images of the outer side or the inner side of a painted object passing in a high temperature drying furnace. Heat insulators (13a to 13f) are attached to all inner surfaces of an outer case (10) of a heat-resistant imaging camera (1) except a double glass window (21), and cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are disposed inward of the heat insulators (13a to 13f) in layers so as to cover around a camera (2). Intrusive heat is absorbed by melting latent heat when the cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are melted and changed in phase from a solid to a liquid at a specific temperature or higher, thereby ensuring heat resistance that maintains the camera (2) at a safely operatable temperature.

Provided is a heat-resistant imaging camera configured to move in a high temperature furnace and configured to capture high-definition images of the outer side or the inner side of a painted object passing in a high temperature drying furnace. Heat insulators (13a to 13f) are attached to all inner surfaces of an outer case (10) of a heat-resistant imaging camera (1) except a double glass window (21), and cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are disposed inward of the heat insulators (13a to 13f) in layers so as to cover around a camera (2). Intrusive heat is absorbed by melting latent heat when the cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are melted and changed in phase from a solid to a liquid at a specific temperature or higher, thereby ensuring heat resistance that maintains the camera (2) at a safely operatable temperature.

A vaporizer for vaporizing a liquid comprises a heating element for receiving electrical power and for delivering thermal power to a liquid to be vaporized and a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the heating element. The temperature sensor and the heating element are directly mechanically connected and thermally coupled.

A vaporizer for vaporizing a liquid comprises a heating element for receiving electrical power and for delivering thermal power to a liquid to be vaporized and a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the heating element. The temperature sensor and the heating element are directly mechanically connected and thermally coupled.

A temperature sensor comprises a temperature sensing element, a protective housing, and a heat transfer element. The temperature sensing element transduces a sensed temperature into an electrical output signal. The protective housing at least partly encases the temperature sensing element. The heat transfer element has an outer surface in heat conductive contact with an inner wall of the protective housing and receives at least a part of the temperature sensing element. The heat transfer element is formed separately from the temperature sensing element.

A temperature sensor comprises a temperature sensing element, a protective housing, and a heat transfer element. The temperature sensing element transduces a sensed temperature into an electrical output signal. The protective housing at least partly encases the temperature sensing element. The heat transfer element has an outer surface in heat conductive contact with an inner wall of the protective housing and receives at least a part of the temperature sensing element. The heat transfer element is formed separately from the temperature sensing element.

This invention prevents measurement error from becoming large in thermoelectric conversion coefficient evaluation and enhances evaluation efficiency. This invention is a physical property evaluation device for evaluating the physical properties of a plurality of solid materials formed on a substrate. The physical property evaluation device comprises an electromotive force measurement means that forms closed circuits including the individual solid materials and measures the electromotive forces occurring at the two ends of each of the solid materials, a means for producing heat flow within the individual solid materials, an external magnetic field generation means for generating a uniform magnetic field having a given intensity and direction in the vicinity of the individual solid materials, and an automation means for evaluating the physical properties of the individual solid materials using the electromotive force measurement means, heat flow production means, and external magnetic field generation means.

Provided is a heat-resistant imaging camera configured to move in a high temperature furnace and configured to capture high-definition images of the outer side or the inner side of a painted object passing in a high temperature drying furnace. Heat insulators (13a to 13f) are attached to all inner surfaces of an outer case (10) of a heat-resistant imaging camera (1) except a double glass window (21), and cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are disposed inward of the heat insulators (13a to 13f) in layers so as to cover around a camera (2). Intrusive heat is absorbed by melting latent heat when the cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are melted and changed in phase from a solid to a liquid at a specific temperature or higher, thereby ensuring heat resistance that maintains the camera (2) at a safely operatable temperature.

Provided is a heat-resistant imaging camera configured to move in a high temperature furnace and configured to capture high-definition images of the outer side or the inner side of a painted object passing in a high temperature drying furnace. Heat insulators (13a to 13f) are attached to all inner surfaces of an outer case (10) of a heat-resistant imaging camera (1) except a double glass window (21), and cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are disposed inward of the heat insulators (13a to 13f) in layers so as to cover around a camera (2). Intrusive heat is absorbed by melting latent heat when the cold storage material packs (15a to 15e) are melted and changed in phase from a solid to a liquid at a specific temperature or higher, thereby ensuring heat resistance that maintains the camera (2) at a safely operatable temperature.