Methods and vaporizer apparatuses that estimate, measure and/or predict the amount of vapor and/or material (including active ingredients) released by the vaporizer apparatus. In particular, described herein are electronic vaporizers and methods of using them that determine a dose/amount of vapor and/or a material in the vapor based primarily or exclusively on the electrical and thermal properties, e.g., power or energy applied to the vaporizing element (e.g., heating coil) and the temperature of the material immediately before and as it is vaporized. Dose information may be used to control operation of the device and/or reported to the user.

A fastening device that includes a main body having a receiving region configured to receive a passive electrical component such that the main body and the electrical component are connected to one another in an electrically and/or thermally conductive manner; and a retaining device configured to at least temporarily secure the electrical component in the receiving region. The retaining device has a clamp configured to clamp the electrical component to the main body.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided for detecting and determining conditions of and conditions within a fluid conduit.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided for detecting and determining conditions of and conditions within a fluid conduit.

An exemplary embodiment is a temperature monitoring buffering sensor and system for applications ranging from food storage to temperature-controlled pharmaceuticals. The system includes a temperature sensor unit with a buffered temperature probe sensor contained in a housing with a Bluetooth® transmitter circuit. The sensor unit is battery operated and is self-contained without the need for wiring to provide power or signal flow. The sensor unit controller periodically sends out a transmitter beacon signal identifying the temperature sensor unit and the temperature sensed by the probe, as well as a battery condition. A base station is positioned close enough to be in range of the transmitter beacon signal and includes an RF receiver circuit configured to receive the RF transmitter beacon signal from the sensor unit, and a processor configured to monitor and analyze data received by the RF receiver circuit.

An exemplary embodiment is a temperature monitoring buffering sensor and system for applications ranging from food storage to temperature-controlled pharmaceuticals. The system includes a temperature sensor unit with a buffered temperature probe sensor contained in a housing with a Bluetooth® transmitter circuit. The sensor unit is battery operated and is self-contained without the need for wiring to provide power or signal flow. The sensor unit controller periodically sends out a transmitter beacon signal identifying the temperature sensor unit and the temperature sensed by the probe, as well as a battery condition. A base station is positioned close enough to be in range of the transmitter beacon signal and includes an RF receiver circuit configured to receive the RF transmitter beacon signal from the sensor unit, and a processor configured to monitor and analyze data received by the RF receiver circuit.

Provided are a battery management system, a battery management method, a battery pack and an electric vehicle. The battery management system includes a sensing unit to generate battery information indicating a current, a voltage and a temperature of a battery, and a control unit. The control unit determines a temporary estimate for a SOC in a current cycle using a time update process of an extended Kalman filter based on a previous estimate indicating a SOC in a previous cycle and the battery information. The control unit determines open circuit voltage (OCV) information based on the temporary estimate. The control unit determines a definitive estimate indicating the SOC in the current cycle using a measurement update process of the extended Kalman filter based on the temporary estimate, the OCV information and the battery information.

Provided are a battery management system, a battery management method, a battery pack and an electric vehicle. The battery management system includes a sensing unit to generate battery information indicating a current, a voltage and a temperature of a battery, and a control unit. The control unit determines a temporary estimate for a SOC in a current cycle using a time update process of an extended Kalman filter based on a previous estimate indicating a SOC in a previous cycle and the battery information. The control unit determines open circuit voltage (OCV) information based on the temporary estimate. The control unit determines a definitive estimate indicating the SOC in the current cycle using a measurement update process of the extended Kalman filter based on the temporary estimate, the OCV information and the battery information.

A method, apparatus and system for measuring a temperature can involve measuring a voltage with a resistance temperature detector using a variable excitation current, and deriving a process temperature from the voltage measured by the resistance temperature detector. The process temperature can be further derived by applying a plurality of values of the variable excitation current, measuring corresponding values of voltage, and estimating a resistance by applying a least square estimation. The process temperature can also be derived by applying a different value of the variable excitation current at every iteration, using a recursive least square estimation to measure a resistance, and using confidence intervals for instrument diagnostics.

A wireless power transmitting system includes a power amplifier comprising a plurality of measurement points and a power amplifier controller integrated circuit (IC). In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC performs synchronization of the various components of the power amplifier, conducts impedance and temperature measurements at the measurements points, determines if a foreign object is within the transmission range of the wireless power transmitter, and decides if a shutdown of the power amplifier is needed. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC determines through a transmitter controller IC, the presence of a foreign object within the transmission range and adjusts the power transmission to one or more receivers.