A force-measuring device testing system is disclosed. A linear actuator assembly includes a Z-axis actuator and a slider. A load cell is secured to the slider, such that actuation of the Z-axis actuator is mechanically coupled to a vertical movement of the load cell via the slider. The load cell is configured to impart a time-varying applied force to the sample which includes a force-measuring device. A load cell signal processing circuitry is configured to measure force signals at the load cell and output amplified force signals to the controller. The controller is configured to repeatedly carry out the following until a desired force trajectory has been executed: (1) calculate digital force signals in accordance with the amplified force signals, (2) calculate a next actuation of the Z-axis actuator in accordance with a desired force trajectory and an elastic parameter, and (3) control the actuation of the Z-axis actuator in accordance with its next calculated actuation.

A system for monitoring a physical change of a marine structure includes a complex optical measuring instrument configured to detect a behavior and structural change of the marine structure by using at least one optical sensor by means of optical fiber Bragg grating.

The invention relates to a measuring system for determining a force and/or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft, wherein: the measuring system has at least three, in particular at least four, piezoelectric elements each having a preferred direction and each being arranged at different positions about a rotational axis of the shaft in a force flow transmitted via the shaft, said arrangement being such that a force of the force flow acts, in particular exclusively, on the piezoelectric elements; the preferred directions each lie parallel to or in a single plane which is intersected by the rotational axis; and the preferred directions of at least two, in particular at least three, of the piezoelectric elements are oriented neither parallel nor antiparallel to one other.

The invention relates to a measuring system for determining a force and/or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft, wherein: the measuring system has at least three, in particular at least four, piezoelectric elements each having a preferred direction and each being arranged at different positions about a rotational axis of the shaft in a force flow transmitted via the shaft, said arrangement being such that a force of the force flow acts, in particular exclusively, on the piezoelectric elements; the preferred directions each lie parallel to or in a single plane which is intersected by the rotational axis; and the preferred directions of at least two, in particular at least three, of the piezoelectric elements are oriented neither parallel nor antiparallel to one other.

The present disclosure provides a flexible integrated array sensor and manufacturing methods thereof. The array sensor includes a silicon wafer, a readout circuit layer, a sensing array layer, and a polymer substrate layer disposed on the silicon wafer. The manufacturing method includes: preparing a silicon wafer; fabricating a plurality of function arrays, each including m*n function units, on a surface of the silicon wafer; etching one or more deep grooves on the surface of the silicon wafer between the arrays; fabricating a thinning support; and thinning a bottom surface of the silicon wafer to a target thickness so that the arrays are separated from each other. The etching depth for etching the one or more deep grooves is equal to or greater than the thickness of the silicon wafer after thinning.

The disclosure relates to a force measurement device including central portion, fixing portion, first and second sensing portions, and first and second electromechanical elements. The first sensing portion has first natural frequency. The first sensing portion is connected to the central portion. The second sensing portion has a second natural frequency. The second sensing portion is connected to the first sensing portion and the fixing portion. The first electromechanical element is disposed on the first sensing portion to measure a first vibration amplitude. The second electromechanical element is disposed on the second sensing portion to measure a second vibration amplitude. When the central portion is subjected to a first force, the first vibration amplitude is larger than the second vibration amplitude. When the central portion is subjected to a second force, the first vibration amplitude is smaller than the second vibration amplitude.

A method includes detecting a force applied to a sensing area of a sensor system, the sensing area including a first sensing region and a second sensing region. The first sensing region is determined to be a correct sensing region. The second sensing region is determined to be an incorrect sensing region. An activation area of the incorrect sensing region is determined. A force distribution of the incorrect sensing region is determined. A corrected corresponding force measurement of the incorrect sensing region is calculated based on the activation area and force distribution of the incorrect sensing region.

A method includes detecting a force applied to a sensing area of a sensor system, the sensing area including a first sensing region and a second sensing region. The first sensing region is determined to be a correct sensing region. The second sensing region is determined to be an incorrect sensing region. An activation area of the incorrect sensing region is determined. A force distribution of the incorrect sensing region is determined. A corrected corresponding force measurement of the incorrect sensing region is calculated based on the activation area and force distribution of the incorrect sensing region.

The invention relates to a measuring device for determining force and/or torque on a torque-transmitting shaft which is supported by a bearing device, in particular a machine, the output and/or input shaft of which is formed by the torque-transmitting shaft. The measuring device has at least two, preferably three or four, piezoelectric elements and a fixing device, wherein the fixing device supports the piezoelements and is designed in such a way that a force, in particular shear force, can be measured between the bearing device and a supporting device for supporting the bearing device by means of the piezoelements.

Provided is a pain detecting method including obtaining an electric signal from applied pressure and heat by using a sensor unit including a material exhibiting both the piezoelectric characteristic and the thermoelectric characteristic; separating a pressure signal generated by the pressure and a heat signal generated by the heat from the obtained electric signal; determining whether to generate pain data from each of the pressure signal and the heat signal; and outputting the pain data.